Brahmaea tancrei tancrei Austaut, 1896

Brahmaea tancrei tancrei Austaut, 1896 , stat. resurr.

( Figs 1–3 View FIGURES 1–4 , 9, 12, 14 View FIGURES 9–17 )

Brahmaea lunulata var. tancrei Austaut, 1896: 98 . T.l.: du’arrose le fleuve Amour, au sud-est de la Sibérie [? Russia, Evreiskaya A.O., vicinity of Radde village]. T.s.l.: unknown ( Paukstadt & Paukstadt 2021b).

Brahmaea magnificentia Bryk, 1949: 22 , stat. resurr. T.l.: Nordkorea, Shuotsu [Kyŏngsŏng, North Hamgyong, North Korea]. Junior subjective synonym of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei . T.s.l.: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden. Holotype photographs: Swedish Museum 2015: figs [1, 2] (moth), [3] (labels), [4] (male genitalia); Zolotuhin 2016: [pl.] 2, fig. 6. First synonymisation: Yoon 1991: 29.

Brahmaea jilinensis Zhang, 1988: 229 , figs 1 (moth), 2 (male genitalia), 3 (uncus), 4 (valva), 5 (cornuti) [ holotype], syn. nov. T.l.: [ China], Jilin, Huinan. Junior subjective synonym of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei . T.s.l.: Entomological Museum of the Jilin Agricultural University .

Material examined. ZIN: Russia: Khabarovskii Krai: 1♀, Schrenk. | Amur | coll.Acad. Petrop.; 1♂, 2903 | Ussuri | coll. A. Meinhardt; 1♂, St. Kozakevicheva nizh. tech. Usuri Bykov 91. | 17 [the date illegible] [Kozakevichevo, 48°16′N 134°44′E, Bykov leg.]; 1♂, Ussuriyskaya zh.d. St.Vyazemskaya E. Borzov | kol. Chetverikova [Vyazemskii, 47°32′N 134°45′E, E. Borzov leg., Chetverikov col.]. Primorskii Krai: 1♂, Primorskiy kray Pozharskiy rayon s. Verkhniy Pereval Nikiforova 17.07.[1]990 [Verkhnii Pereval viilage, 46°34′N 134°40′E, O. Nikiforova leg.]; 3♂, 1♀, Primor’ye, Novopokrovka, na ostrove po r. Iman, 35 verst ot der. Kartun Buyanova 24.07.1913 [Novopokrovka, on the island on the Iman river 45°51′N 134°29′E, Buyanova leg.]; 1♂,Yevseyevka, Prim. obl. Shingarev”. 12.06.[1]910 | Bram. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Yevseyevka, 44°24′N 132°53′E, Shingarev leg.]; 3♂, Vinogradovka, Ussur. kr. 11- 12.07.[1]929 D’yakonov Filip. / 4y lug | Bram. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Vinogradovka, 43°45′N 132°57′E, fourth meadow, A.M. Djakonov & N.N. Filipjev leg.]; 1♂, Vinogradovka, Ussur. kr. 3.06.[1]929 D’yakonov Filip. / Pad’ Kalugina na svet | Bram certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Vinogradovka, 43°45′N 132°57′E, Pad′ Kalugina, on light, A.M. Djakonov & N. N. Filipjev leg.]; 8 ♂, 1♀, Primorsk. kray s. Muraveyka 22, 25, 27, 28.06.[19]77 Brameya Kaabak / Brameya | iz kollektsii L. V. Kaabaka [Muraveyka, 43°50′N 133°13′E, L. V. Kaabak leg. & coll.]; 3♀, Nikol′sk- Ussur Baran. polig. Andriyevskiy [1]913 [Banivurovo vicinity, 43°42′N 131°58′E, Andriyevskii leg.]; 2♂, 1♀, GTS, okr. Ussuriyska Primorskiy kray Sinev S.Yu. 14.07.1982, 18.07.1985 [Gorno-Tayezhnaya Station, 43°42′N 132°09′E, S.Yu. Sinev leg.]; 1♂, Primorskiy kray 20 km V Ussuriyska Gornotayezhnoye svet Sinov 8.07.[1]985 [Gorno-Tayezhnaya Station, 43°42′N 132°09′E, S.Yu. Sinev leg.]; 1♂, Kondratenk. sr. t. r. Suputinki Samoylov 14.06.[1]934 [Kondratenkovka, 43°37′N 132°09′E, Samoilov Leg.]; 1♂, Primor’ye Suputinskiy zapovednik na svet PRK 21.07.1964 Kolomiyets | iz kollektsii V. V. Dubatolova ( Novosibirsk) [Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, 43°38′N 132°20′E, Kolomiyets leg., V. V. Dubatolov coll.]; 1♂, Bramea 30.06.[19]35 Zimov. kl. [Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, Zimoveinyi Kluch, A.I. Kurentsov leg.]; 1♂, Suchanskii rayon—[19] 22 g. Kurentsov | 1040 Bram. certhia F ♀ N Filipjev det. [territory between Anisimovka and Tigrovoi, A.I. Kurentsov leg.]; 2♂, 1♀, Ussur. kray Suchan ist. r. Sitsy Kurentsov 20, 23.06, 14.07.[19]28 | Bram. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Tigrovoi vicinity, sources of the river Tigrovaya, ~ 43°08′N 132°50′E, A.I. Kurentsov leg.]; 1♂, Ussuri mer. Distr. Sutshanensis loc. Derzhanovo A. Kurentsov | kol. Chetverikova [Tigrovoi vicinity, vanished Derzhanovo settlement, 43°10′N 132°50′E,A.I. Kurentsov leg., Chetverikov coll.]; 1♂, Suchanskiy rayon Fanza 15.06.[19]22 A. Kurentsov”. | 1040 Br. certhia F ♂ NF det. | Brahmaea certhia F. / mikr. prep. 13804 ♂ [Tigrovoi vicinity, vanished Ruch’i settlement, 43°10′N 132°50′E, A.I. Kurentsov leg.]; 3 ♂, 2♀, Suchanskiy rayon s. Tigrovoye 20, 25.06, 11, 30.07.[19]22 A. Kurentsov | 1040 Br. certhia F ♂ NF det. [Tigrovoi, 43°11′N 132°54′E, A.I. Kurentsov leg.]; 1♀, Suchanskiy rayon s. Tigrovoye 6.06.[19]22 A. Kurentsov | 1040 Bram. certhia F ♀ NF det. | Brahmaea certhia F. / mikr. prep. 13804 ♀ [Tigrovoi, 43°11′N 132°54′E, A.I. Kurentsov leg.]; 1♂, Primorskiy kr. Tigrovoy Chistyakov 23.06.1975 | Brahmaea certhia lunulata Brem. Grey [Tigrovoi, 43°11′N 132°54′E, Yu.A. Tschistjakov leg.]; 1♀, Suchanskiy rudn. Ussur. kr. Dolgikh 10.07. [year missing] [Partizansk, 43°08′N 133°08′E, Dolgikh leg.]; 1♀, Ussur. kr. Suchansk. Rudnik 20.06.[1] 913 M. Kazantseva | Br. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. 1924 06.21 [Partizansk, 43°08′N 133°08′E, M. Kazantseva leg.]; 2♂, 1♀, Suchanskiy rudnik Ussur. kr. Palshkov 18.06.[1]931, 28.06., 15.07.[1]936 [Partizansk, 43°08′N 133°08′E, Palshkov leg.]; 1♀, Wladiwostock | coll. Dieckmann (Graeser legit); 1♂, Wladiwostock / Rieck | coll Dieckmann (Graeser legit) | Kol. Vel. Kn. Nikolaya Mikhaylovicha; 1♂, Okr. Vladivostoka Moltrekht [Vladivostok suburb, A. Moltrekht leg.]; 1♂, Okr. Vladivostoka, Okeanskaya A. Zagulajev 4.06.[1]952 / na svet [Vladivostok, Okeanskaya, 43°14′N 132°00′E, at light,A.K. Zagulajev leg.]; 2♂,Ussuri merid. Sedanka 26.06.1928 | Kollektsiya A.A.Bundelya |Brahmea certhia F [Vladivostok, Sedanka, 43°12′N 131°57′E, A.A. Bundel coll.]; 1♀, Vladivostok Sedanka 1916.08. Kriger-Voynovsk. | Bram. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Vladivostok, Sedanka, 43°12′N 131°57′E, Kriger-Voynovskii leg.]; 1♀, Sedanka Ussur. kr. 5.07.[1]919 Kriger-Voynovsk. | Bram. certhia F ♂ N. Filipjev det. [Vladivostok, Sedanka, 43°12′N 131°57′E, Kriger-Voynovskii leg.]; 1♀, Vladivostok II Rechka 26.07.1913. Cherskiy [Vladivostok, Vtoraya Rechka, 43°10′N 131°55′E, Cherskiy leg.]; 1♂, Russk. ostr. Ussur. kr. 1914 g. Kriger-Voynovsk. | Br. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Vladvostok, Russkii Island, 43°00′N 131°50′E, Kriger-Voynovskii leg.]; 1♀, 1925 07.28 Ussuri mer. Insula Rossica A. Shorygin | kol. Chetverikova [Vladivostok, Russkii Island, 43°00′N 131°50′E, Shorygin leg., Chetverikov coll.]; 1♂, 2♀, Primorskiy kr. zap. Kedrovaya pad’ na svet L’vovskiy 22, 28.07.1988, [Kegrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43°05′N 131°30′E, A.L. Lvovskiy leg.]; 1♀, Yuzhnoye Primor’ye, zapov. Kedrovaya pad’ Filippova 07-08.1975 [Kegrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43°05′N 131°30′E, Filippova leg.]; 1♀, Primorskiy kr. zap. Kedrovaya pad’ svet Sinev 29.07.1988 [Kegrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43°05′N 131°30′E, S.Yu. Sinev leg.]; 1♂, Primorskiy kray Kedrovaya pad’ V. Zlobin 07.1983 [Kegrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43°05′N 131°30′E, V. Zlobin leg.]. China: 1♂, St. Imyan’po Man’chzhur. Yemel’yanov 18.07.[1]91 [ Heilongjiang, Yimianpo, 45°03′N 128°03′E, Yemel’yanov leg.]; 1♀, St. Pogranichnaya, Vostochn.-Kitaysk. dor. 1910 Martenson | coll. Acad. Petrop. [ Heilongjiang, Suifenhe, 44°23′N 131°09′E, Martenson leg., Acad. Petrop. coll.]. FSCB: Russia: Primorskii Krai: 1♂, Roshchino, 45°54′N, 134°53′E, 12.07.1967, L.A. Ivliev leg.; 1♂, Ugodinza [Pshenitsyno], 44°05N 133°39′E, 28.05.1957, D.G. Kononov leg.; 1♂, Barabash-Levada, 44°45′N 131°25′E, 15.06.1978; 1♂, Gorno-Tayezhnaya Station, 43°42′N 132°09′E, 9.06.1956, A.I. Kurentsov leg.; 1♂, Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, 43°38′N 132°20′E, valley broadleaf forest, 11.06.1950; 1♂, Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, Egerskii Kluch, 43°38′N 132°27′E, 22.06.1966, D.G. Kononov leg.; 3 ♂, ditto, Pinus koraiensis —broadleaf forest, 20.07.1966; 3♂, ditto, 21.07.1966; 1♂, ditto, 22.07.1966; 1♀, ditto, 1.08.1966; 2♂, 1♀, Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, Zimoveinyi Kluch, 43°38′N 132°26′E, 30.06.1968; 1♂, ditto, 3.07.1968; 1♂, Kangauz station [Anisimovka], 43°10′N 132°47′E, 1.07.1967; 1♂, Anisimovka vicinity 43°10′N 132°47′E, 23.06.1975 Yu.A. Tschistjakov leg.; 1♂, Tigrovaya station, 43°11′N 132°54′E, 28.06.1921, A.I. Kurentsov leg.; 2♂, Tigrovoi, 43°11′N 132°54′E, 18.07.1989, Yu.A. Tschistjakov; 1♂, Chandalaz [Livadiiskii ridge], 16.06.1964; 1♂, Vladivostok, Okeanskaya station, 43°14′N 132°00′E, 1965 [no exact data], Z.A. Konovalova leg.; 1♂, Vladivostok, Akademicheskaya, 43°11′N 131°55′E, 15.07.1969, Z.A. Konovalova leg.; 1♂, Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43°05′N 131°30′E, 18.06.1976, Yu.A. Tschistjakov leg. A.A. Kuzmin private collection: Russia: Amurskaya Oblast: 2♂, Tarmanchukan station vicinity, 49°14′11″N 130°38′05″E, at light, 10.07.2010, A.A. Kuzmin leg. Additional visual observations by E.A. Beljaev: Khabarovskii Kra i: 1♂, Imeni Lazo Raion, the upper left tributary of the Akhbio river, 47°00′60″N 136°27′56″E, 800 m a.s.l., 2.08.2007; 1♂, Primorskii Krai: 1♂, Chuguevskii Raion, 16 km SE of Yasnoe village, Ussuri river, 43°36′N 134°06′E, 09.07.2013; Khasanskii Rayon, Ryazanovka river, 17.vii.1997. Moth web photographs: Table 4. Molecular samples: Table 5.

Taxonomic notes. Evidently, Yoon (1991) was the first to synonymise Brahmaea tancrei and Brahmaea magnificentia , but it was widely overlooked because it was published in Korean. Here we support this synonymy. According to the original description, Brahmaea jilinensis is morphologically completely consistent with the specimens of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei from the Russian Far East and have to be considered its junior subjective synonym also.

In Zolotuhin (2016), the male genitalia on fig. 10: “ B. l. carpenteri Butl., 1883 , Korea ( MWM 29321)”, morphologically deviate greatly from the typical Brahmaea tancrei tancrei in having uncus wide and clearly biapical, valvae wide and with vestigial harpe ( Fig. 16 View FIGURES 9–17 ), that is similar to the characters of Brahmaea certhia . It is possible that this moth is a natural hybrid of these species.

Distribution. Southeast of Russian Federation (extreme southeast of Amurskaya Oblast, Evreiskaya A.O., south of Khabarovskii Krai, Primorskii Krai), Northeastern China (east of Heilongjiang, east of Jilin, northeast of Liaoning), North Korea, South Korea (mountains) ( Fig. 19 View FIGURE 19 ).

The BOLD samples SARBB1309-09 and SARBB1310-09 from “ Russia, Sakha-Yakutiya Republic, Inkagirskoje Pioskogorie” [evidently, Yukagirskoye Ploskogorye (Yukaghir Highlands), 66°25′0″N, 154°0′0″E] are undoubtedly mislabeled. The region is located on the Arctic Circle in the tundra and forest-tundra zones, where these moths cannot live. The sample SARBB943-09 from “ Vietnam, Lai Chau ” (originally determined as “ Brahmaea certhia ”), the samples LTOL202-07 (larva) and LTOL312-07 (pupa) from “ China, Shanghai ”, and sample LTOL892-08 (larva) from “ China ” are clustered together with samples from Russia, North Korea and South Korea, and they must belong to Brahmaea tancrei tancrei . The region of origin of these samples is probably indicated incorrectly. The characters of moths of the sample SARBB943-09 from “ Vietnam ” also correspond well to those of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei .

Ecology and preimaginal stages. In Russia, the species develops in one generation per year. In nature, in Primorskii Krai moths occur from late May to beginning of August (original data), and on the Amur river—from mid-June to beginning of August ( Dubatolov & Dolgikh 2007). Judging from the literature and internet data, in South Korea the species also develops in one generation ( Yoon 1991), and moths fly at the similar period as in Primorskii Krai. In Russia, the species clearly prefers mesophilic coniferous-broadleaf valley and low mountain forests, but moths were occasionally found at altitudes of up to 800 m a.s.l. in the Sikhote-Alin ridge in the belt of boreal coniferous forests. The north-easternmost known location of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei (also the northernmost) is in the Kiselevka village ( 51°24′N 138°59′E) in Lover Amur, the north-westernmost location is in the vicinity of the Tarmanchukan station ( 49°14′N 130°48′E) in the Middle Amur area in the Lesser Khingan Mountains. Both localities are characterised by severe winters with average January temperatures below -25 °C and absolute minimums down to -45 °C … -50 °C. In South Korea it is a mountain species which occurs in the south of the country at altitudes above 400 m a.s.l. (based on the iNatiralist website data).

Larvae feed on Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. , Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance and Syringa amurensis Rupr. ( Graeser 1888; Kozlov 1985; Tschistjakov 1992), but in culture larvae prefer leaves of the last species (personal observation by the first author). In South Korea, feeding of larvae on Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. was indicated ( Yoon 1991; Lee 2015). Pupation occurs in plant litter on the soil without a cocoon under some cover (usually deadwood). Egg, larva and pupa are described in detail in literatures ( Kozlov 1985; Owada 1987; Paukstadt & Ragus 1990; Yoon 1991; Lee 2015; Paukstadt & Paukstadt 2017b).