Galerucini Latreille, 1802

Subtribe Galerucini Latreille, 1802

Section Schematizites Chapuis, 1875

The simplest pattern of male genitalia in the Galerucini was a membranous sac-like endophallus with a long flexible sclerite along its length. Examples were Monoxia angularis (LeConte, 1859) ( Fig. 2A View FIG [male], Fig. 2B View FIG [female]); Ophraella sexvittata LeConte, 1865 (not shown); and Schematiza Chevrolat, 1836 species ( Fig. 2C View FIG ).

Section Coelomerites Chapuis, 1875

Genera studied from this section had sac-like endophalli, either broad (a species of Coelomera Chevrolat, 1836 ), or narrow with a weakly sclerotized band along one side ( Nestinus viridis Jacoby, 1888 ). A male Dircema Clark, 1865 (not shown) had a sac-like endophallus with a weak Y-shaped sclerotized area on the upper side, and membranous striae on the lower side. A male Polysastra Shute, 1983 (not shown) had a membranous endophallus lobed at the base, and covered with minute denticles. Shute (1983) illustrated the endophallus of a different species of Polysastra , in which the denticles at the apex of the endophallus were much longer and more needle-like.

In Trirhabda bacharidis (Weber, 1801) ( Fig. 2D View FIG ) the endophallus was very long with a sclerotized lobe at the base, this lobe bearing small teeth along its distal margin ( Fig. 2D View FIG , inset). The female bursa showed no signs of scarring. A species of Caraguata Bechynĕ, 1954 from southwestern Brazil showed a similar but more elaborate development of this pattern in the male endophallus. The median lobe has a robust lateral sclerotized strap with a basal lobe tipped with minute spines ( Fig. 3A View FIG , inset), and a heavily sclerotized terminal bar ( Fig. 3B View FIG ). The bursa of the female ( Fig. 3C View FIG ) had an area of thick scars on the side of the vagina, and a smaller area of apparent abrasions on the rear of the bursa. Two pairs of Neophaestus Hincks, 1949 were collected from two nearby mountains in the Ecuadorean Andes. In one pair, the male had a membranous endophallus with a single sclerotized bar attached at one end ( Fig. 2E View FIG ). The female ( Fig. 2F View FIG ) displayed a pair of apparent puncture scars despite the lack of obvious sharp structures in the male. In the second pair the male lacked the sclerotized bar, and the female bursa was unmarked. Neophaestus is currently known from one species in Central America ( Viswajyothi & Clark 2022); these data suggest that at least two more are found in South America.

Section Atysites Chapuis, 1875

The condition of a narrow endophallus with a lateral scleritized band was found in Galerucella nymphae (Linnaeus, 1758) . However, in Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller, 1766) the male endophallus had a longitudinal flexible sclerite with a row of long, sharp, recurved teeth ( Fig. 2G View FIG ). Matsumura et al. (2017) described an almost identical structure on the endophallus of Pyrrhalta maculicollis ( Xanthogaleruca was until recently considered a subgenus of Pyrrhalta ). Bursae of several females of X. luteola were dissected and all except one showed signs of puncture damage ( Fig. 2H, I View FIG ).