Cicadetta karandila, Trilar & Gjonov & Gogala, 2025

Cicadetta karandila View in CoL sp. n. Trilar, Gjonov et Gogala

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Description

Cicadetta karandila sp. n. appears to be very similar to the other species of the Cicadetta montana complex ( Figs. 1 View Figure 1 and 2 View Figure 2 ). It has a medium body length: 17.6 mm in the holotype, 17.8 ± 0.6 mm in the paratypes (mean ± SD).

This species ( Figs. 1 View Figure 1 and 2 View Figure 2 ) was discovered due to its characteristic sound emissions in June 2016 on the Stara Planina Mountain between 608 and 1400 m altitude, where we collected a series of specimens ( 7 males and 2 females). In addition to the collected specimens, we also recorded Cicadetta karandila sp. n. acoustically (heard and/or recorded) at other localities on Stara Planina Mountain in June 2016, and in late June and early July 2020 on Stara Planina Mountain and Sarnena Sredna Gora Mountain ( Figs. 3 View Figure 3 and 4 View Figure 4 ).

However, apart from Stara Planina Mountain and Sarnena Sredna Gora Mountain , we did not find Cicadetta karandila sp. n. anywhere in Bulgaria or in neighboring countries Romania, Serbia, North Macedonia, Albania, Greece and Turkey.

Morphology

Measurements. Body length (from the head to the tip of the abdomen): 18.5 mm in holotype specimen; 17.6 ± 0.5 mm (mean ± SD) in male paratypes (n=6, min= 16.9 mm, max= 18.3 mm); 20.9 ± 0.6 mm in female paratypes (n=2, min= 20.6 mm, max= 21.4 mm). Body width (abdomen, tergite 2): 6.1 mm in holotype specimen; 5.8 ± 0.1 mm in male paratypes (n=6, min= 5.7 mm, max= 6.1 mm); 6.3 ± 0.2 mm in female paratypes (n=2, min= 6.1 mm, max= 6.4 mm). Forewing length: 22.3 mm in holotype specimen; 20.0 ± 0.8 mm in male paratypes (n=6, min= 19.2 mm, max= 21.2 mm); 23.6 ± 0.9 mm in female paratypes (n=2, min= 22.9 mm, max= 24.2 mm). Forewing width: 7.8 mm in holotype specimen; 7.7 ± 0.2 mm in male paratypes (n=6, min= 7.4 mm, max= 7.9 mm); 8.5 ± 0.1 mm in female paratypes (n=2, min= 8.5 mm, max= 8.6 mm). Hindwing length: 13.0 mm in holotype specimen; 12.2 ± 0.5 mm in male paratypes (n=6, min= 11.7 mm, max=13.0 mm); 14.3 ± 0.1 mm in female paratypes (n=2, min= 14.3 mm, max= 14.4 mm).

Type material examined. Holotype ♂: Bulgaria: Sliven Province: Sliven Municipality, Stara Planina, Karandila , upper chairlift station; 42.71803°N, 26.36090°E; 982 m; 22.6.2016; leg. T. Trilar, I. Gjonov, M.Gogala (karandila holotype – deposited in PMSL) GoogleMaps . Paratype ♂: data as the holotype (karandila paratype 1 ♂, karandila paratype 2 ♂ and karandila paratype 6 ♂ – PMSL) GoogleMaps . Bulgaria: Tvarditsa Province: Tvarditsa Municipality, Eleno-Tvarditshka Planina, Tvarditshki prohod, poljana Kuriata ; 42.76575°N, 25.91995°E; 1042 m; 27.6.2016; leg. T. Trilar, I. Gjonov, M. Gogala (karandila GoogleMaps paratype 3 ♂ and karandila paratype 4 ♂ – PMSL, karandila paratype 5 ♂ – BFUS, karandila paratype 6 ♂ – PMSL) . Paratype ♀: data as the holotype (karandila paratype 7 ♀ – BFUS). Bulgaria: Tvarditsa Province: Tvarditsa Municipality, Eleno-Tvarditshka Planina, Tvarditshki prohod; 42.78966°N, 25.89392°E; 1045 m; 26.6.2016; leg. I.Gjonov, T GoogleMaps . Trilar, M.Gogala (karandila paratype 8 ♀ – PMSL) .

Acoustically detected: Bulgaria: Sliven Province: Sliven Municipality, Stara Planina, Karandila, Ichera ; 42.75388°N, 26.39801°E; 929 m; 22.6.2016; recorded T. Trilar, I. Gjonov, M. Gogala GoogleMaps . Bulgaria: Stara Zagora Province: Kazanlak Municipality, Shipka, Shipchenska Planina ; 42.74611°N, 25.32791°E; 1118 m; 27.6.2016; recorded T. Trilar, I. Gjonov, M. Gogala GoogleMaps . Bulgaria: Stara Zagora Province: Kazanlak Municipality, Kran, Shipchenska Planina, Buzludzha (Buzludja) ; 42.73406°N, 25.40036°E; 1400 m; 27.6.2016; heard T. Trilar, I. Gjonov, M. Gogala GoogleMaps . Bulgaria: Stara Zagora Province: Pavel Banya Municipality: Tazha, Dzhendema reserve , gorge of the river Tazha ; 42.66867°N, 25.04638°E; 608 m; 29.6.2020; recorded T. Trilar, I. Gjonov GoogleMaps . Bulgaria: Sliven Province: Sliven Municipality: Stara Planina, Karandila , upper chairlift station; 42.71797°N, 26.36002°E; 1037 m; 30.6.2020 and 1.7.2020; recorded T. Trilar, I. Gjonov GoogleMaps . Bulgaria: Stara Zagora Province: Kazanlak Municipality: Kran, Shipchenska Planina, Buzludzha (Buzludja) ; 42.73347°N, 25.40324°E; 1400 m; 1.7.2020; recorded T. Trilar, I. Gjonov GoogleMaps . Bulgaria: Stara Zagora Province: Kazanlak Municipality: Kran, Shipchenska Planina, Shipchenski prohod; 42.75622°N, 25.31451°E; 1250 m; 2.7.2020; recorded T. Trilar, I. Gjonov GoogleMaps . Bulgaria: Stara Zagora Province: Pavel Banya Municipality: Tazha, Dzhendema reserve , gorge of the river Tazha ; 42.66867°N, 25.04638°E; 608 m; 2.7.2020; recorded T. Trilar, I. Gjonov GoogleMaps . Bulgaria: Plovdiv Province: Brezovo Municipality: Svezhen, Sarnena Sredna Gora ; 42.51334°N, 25.05534°E; 1138 m; 2.7.2020; recorded T. Trilar, I. Gjonov GoogleMaps .

In all localities where the type material was collected, the male calling song was also recorded, including the type locality.

Head: Black with inconspicuous brownish patch on epicranial suture and central suture of dorsal plate of postclypeus. Postclypeus frontally black with ochre-coloured lateral margin. Rostrum reaching middle trochanter, anteclypeus black, labrum light ochre, mentum, and labium black. Compound eyes brownish, ocelli honey-brown. Supra-antennal plates black, scapes, pedicels and flagellum of antennae black, ochre-coloured rings basally on scapes and first segment of pedicels.

Thorax: Pronotum and pronotal collar black. Lateral angles of pronotal collar pronounced and black in colour. Pronotal collar frontal to lateral angles with straight margin. Median, paramedian, and lateral fissure distinct and typically shaped. Mesonotum, cruciform elevation and metanotum black, the latter with thin brownish margins. Parapsidal sutures black (5 of 9 specimens (including males and females)) or slightly brownish in colour (3 of 9 specimens), or with small ochraceous spot at rearmost end (2 of 9 specimens). The paratype male with most pronounced thin brownish margins on metanotum and small ochraceous spot at rearmost end of parapsidal suture also has pronotal collar with thin brownish margin.

Ventral side black, with the exception of membranes on leg bases brown, and ochraceous spot on anepisternum 2 (5 of 9 specimens (including males and females)) or ochraceous margin centrally on anepisternum 2 (4 of 9 specimens).

Male opercula not overlapping, broadly rounded with concave margin all around, with black to dark brown base and ochraceous distal two-thirds ( Fig. 5 View Figure 5 ). Female operculum is ilustrated at Fig. 6 View Figure 6 . Meracanthus centrally black, with ochre-coloured margin and spike; relatively long, with broad, rounded spike slightly curved and directed laterally ( Fig. 7 View Figure 7 ).

Abdomen: Abdomen triangular in cross-section. Tergite 1 in females black and in males black with ridges marked orange anterior to timbals ( Fig. 5 View Figure 5 ). Timbals with two long ribs, one half-long rib, and one very short rib ( Fig. 8 View Figure 8 ). Tergite 2 black (6 of 9 specimens (including males and females)) or black with a red mediolateral line (3 of 9 specimens). In living specimens, there is a shiny, waxy exudation on the dorsal ridge of tergite 2, which is particularly extensive in fresh specimens and usually more prominent in males than in females. Tergites 3 through 7 black with broad red caudal margins. The red caudal margins are interrupted or almost interrupted at dorsal ridge. Tergite 8 orange with black frontal margin of half to one-third of the width.

Abdominal sternites I and II black, sternite III black with dark orange caudal margin, sternites IV to VI dark orange with basal black square spots with rounded caudal corners that become smaller towards the posterior abdomen (except for one male paratype orange with small basal black triangular spots). Sternite VII dark orange with basal black triangular spot tapering caudally; sternite VIII dark orange. Epipleurites III to VI basally black, caudally dark orange, or completely orange in some paratypes.

Legs: ( Fig. 9 View Figure 9 ). Front legs coxa black with dark orange dorsal margins. Trochanter black with dark orange lateral margin. Femora dark orange with black longitudinal stripes laterally on medial surface and on superior and inferior margin, with 3 black spines on inferior margin. The longest is the primary spine, whereas the last distal spine is small and sometimes less pronounced ( Fig. 9 View Figure 9 ). Tibiae proximally and dorsally black, distally and ventrally dark orange. Tarsi dark orange, third tarsomeres darkened distally, as are the claws.

Mid- and hindleg coxae and femora black with dark orange longitudinal stripes. Trochanter black. Tibiae brown to dark orange, as are tarsi; third tarsomere darkened distally, as are claws. On the ventral margin of hind tibiae, 3 equally long dark orange coloured tibial spurs with blackish tip; tibial combs dark orange with blackish tip.

The legs of females are generally darker in colour.

Wings: ( Fig. 2 View Figure 2 ). Forewings transparent, without markings. Basal cell of forewings slightly golden yellowish, pterostigma ochraceous, basal membrane bright orange. Median and anterior cubitus veins originate at one point in the basal cell ( one paratype with very short arculus between them). Basal junction of anal veins dark (black) (5 of 9 specimens, 55% (including males and females)), medium coloured (2 of 9 specimens, 22.5%), or light (yellowish) (2 of 9 specimens, 22.5%).

Veins with characteristic colouration: costal vein, radius, and subcostal vein medium brown; posterior cubitus vein and first anal vein whitish basally, apically turning black (4 of 9 specimens (including males and females)) or dark brown (5 of 9 specimens); third anal vein ochre; second anal vein black. Anterior cubitus vein black, proximal median veins whitish to nodal line (6 of 9 specimens (including males and females)) or brown (3 of 9 specimens); anterior cubitus vein, anal veins, apical median veins, and radius veins black. Irregularities in the venation can be observed in some specimens: in one paratype male on the right forewing apical cell 5 is very small and grows out of median vein 3, which is why median vein 2 is missing, and in one paratype female there is an additional ellipsoid cell on median vein 3+4 on the right forewing ( Fig. 2 View Figure 2 ).

Hindwings transparent except for bright orange inner corner of costal cell; black shaded apical margin of vannus (anal cell 2) and dirty orange framed jugum and plaga. Veins black; in one male paratype veins are brown.

The number of apical cells is 8 on forewings and 6 on hindwings, but in some specimens on one side, there may also be 9 forewing apical cells (2 of 9 specimens (including males and females)) and 5 on hindwing (1 of 9 specimens).

Male genitalia: ( Figs. 10 View Figure 10 , 11 View Figure 11 ). The pygofere follows the Cicadetta - type morphology, characterized by the absence of a tooth on the basal lobe. Pygofer with pronounced, triangularly pointed dorsal beak, which greatly exceeds the height of the anal tube. Upper lobes flat; moderately developed; distant from dorsal beak; rounded and completely blunt; the line connecting the highest points of upper lobes reaches dorsal rim of anal tubes. Basal lobe undivided, narrow, and pointed tip is narrowly rounded; inclined towards main capsule. Pygofer basally and anteriorly (rostrally) black; middle part, upper lobes and basal lobes of pygofer, anal styles, and anal tube ochre coloured.

Median lobe of uncus shiny black basally, muted black apically, dark reddish in between; duckbill-shaped; horizontally orientated and very slightly curved upwards ( paratype) or curved upwards, therefore concave ( 5 paratype males); triangular, rounded, and broad.

Pseudoparamere long, oblong and flattened, with sharp tips ( Fig. 10 View Figure 10 , 11 View Figure 11 ), more resembling elogate ones in C. sibillae than the expanding ones as in C. cerdaniensis (cf. Fig. 5 View Figure 5 in Puissant & Gurcel 2018). There is no fine denticulation along the outer edge of the pseudoparamere. Gonopore half as long as the pseudoparamere. Pseudoparamere and gonopore amber coloured. Basal plate of aedeagus T-shaped. Claspers dark brown and flat, in shape of decreasing or increasing crescent with pointed, laterally directed tip.

Female terminalia (genitalia): ( Fig. 12 View Figure 12 , 13 View Figure 13 ). Tergites 3 to 7 black with red caudal margins, reduced in width on dorsal ridge. Tergite 8 ochre-coloured with black frontal margin occupying halfwidth. Tergite 9 is black anteriorly and dorsally, ochre-coloured ventrally and posteriorly; dorsal beak black; stigma covered with black spot. Anal tube and anal styles light ochre-coloured. Gonocoxite VIII (valvifer 1) ochre with black line along ventral margin (grey in 1 paratype of 2 females); gonapophyse IX dark brown; gonapophyse X black; ovipositor dark reddish-brown.

The song pattern: Time parameters

The song of C. karandila sp. n. resembles that of C. cerdaniensis s. str., C. sibillae , C. anapaistica anapaistica , C. a. lucana and also C. cantilatrix , all of which have the double echemes in common, with the first low-intensity part followed without interruption by a very short high-intensity part. Based on these acoustic features, we categorize all these species into the »cerdaniensis « acoustic group of the Cicadetta montana species complex ( Sueur & Puissant 2007; Hertach 2011; Hertach et al. 2015).

Because of similar elements in the songs of all these species, we tried to use the same or similar acoustic terminology as that used by other authors ( Sueur & Puissant 2007; Hertach 2011; Hertach et al. 2015) and not to introduce new terms.

The calling song of Cicadetta karandila sp. n. consists of three phrases ( Fig. 14 View Figure 14 ). Phrases 1 ( PH 1) and 3 ( PH 3) are built up by equidistant short single echemes (E 1, E 3). PH 1 and PH 3 differ in phrase duration ( PH 1 D, PH 3 D), echeme duration ( ED 1 , ED 3 ), number of echemes in the phrase ( NE 1 , NE 3 ) and repetition rate ( RR 1 , RR 3 ) ( Table 1). The duration of PH 1 ( PH 1 D) is 8.96 ± 8.06 s and of PH 3 ( PH 3 D) 7.32 ± 3.49 s, the number of echemes in PH 1 ( NE 1 ) is 16 ± 12 and in PH 3 ( NE 3 ) 32 ± 14, the repetition rate of PH 1 ( RR 1 ) is 2.05 ± 0.56 and PH 3 ( RR 3 ) is 4.41 ± 0.59 echems per second, the echem duration in PH 1 ( ED 1 ) is 30.4 ± 6.8 ms, while in PH 3 ( ED 3 ) it is 33.3 ± 7.7 ms. Two-phase structure of echemes is also indicated in PH 1 and PH 3, but the first low-intensity part is so short and difficult to separate from the second high-intensity part, so we did not measure the parts separately .

The duration of PH 2 ( PH 2 D) is 22.69 ± 11.88 s, the number of echemes in PH 2 ( NE 2 ) is 38 ± 19, the PH 2 repetition rate ( RR 2 ) is 1.76 ± 0.51 echems per second ( Table 1, Fig. 15 View Figure 15 ). Phrase 2 ( PH 2) consists of double echemes, where the first low-intensity echeme part ( FP 2 ) is followed without interruption (fully connected) by a very short high-intensity echeme part ( SP 2 ). While the duration of SP 2 is more or less constant, namely 22.3 ± 5.4 ms, FP 2 are very short at the beginning of PH 2 and smoothly transitions into a longer ones after a few repetitions. The changes in FPD 2 are best shown by a generalized logistic function that follows S-shaped curves ( Fig. 16 View Figure 16 ). The FPD 2 at the beginning of PH 2 (beg-FPD 2) is 26.0 ± 13.6 ms, taking into account the parts shorter of 50 ms. At the end of the PH 2, the duration of the FPD 2 (end-FPD 2) is 383.3 ± 57.8 ms, taking into account the parts longer than 300 ms .

PHD – phrase duration; NE – number of echemes in phrase; RR – repetition rate of the echemes; ED – echeme duration; FPD – duration of the first part of double echeme; SPD – duration of the second part of double echeme; beg-FPD 2 – duration of the first part of double echeme at the beginning of phrase 2; end-FPD 2 – duration of te first part of double echeme at the end of phrase 2; IED – inter-echeme duration; GD – echeme/inter-echeme group duration; DF – dominant frequency; CF – centre frequency; F1Q – 1 st quartile frequency; F3Q – 3 rd quartile frequency; EP – echeme delta power; FPP – delta power of the first part of the double echeme; SPP – delta power of the second part of the double echeme; n ± SD – mean values between individuals ± standard deviation; n – number of measured values; min – minimum; max – maximum; index – represents the phrase number ( 1 – phrase 1, 2 – phrase 2, 3 – phrase 3).

Phrase 1

PH 1 D 8.96 ± 8.06 s (n=33, min= 1.25 s, max= 38.07 s)

NE 1 16 ± 12 (n=33, min=2, max=53)

RR 1 2.05 ± 0.56 E 1 /s (n=33, min= 1.18 E 1 /s, max= 4.05 E 1 /s)

ED 1 30.4 ± 6.8 ms (n=405, min=11.9 ms, max=49.3 ms)

IED 1 311.3 ± 167.0 ms (n=405, min=13.17 ms, max=98.86 ms)

GD 1 341.7 ± 167.4 ms (n=405, min=158.0 ms, max=1014.8 ms)

DF 1 13.45 ± 1.00 kHz (n=403, min=11.44 kHz, max=12.75 kHz)

CF 1 13.44 ± 0.67 kHz (n=403, min=11.81 kHz, max=12.94 kHz)

F1Q 1 13.44 ± 0.67 kHz (n=403, min=11.81 kHz, max=12.94 kHz)

F3Q 1 14.38 ± 0.75 kHz (n=403, min=12.75 kHz, max=13.78 kHz)

EP 1 5.84 ± 5.80 dB (n=385, min=-12.18 dB, max=19.18 dB)

Phrase 2

PH 2 D 22.69 ± 11.88 s (n=92, min= 3.99 s, max= 63.65 s)

NE 2 38.53 ± 19.20 (n=92, min=8, max=106)

RR 2 1.76 ± 0.51 E 2 /s (n=92, min= 1.08 E 1 /s, max= 5.46 E 1 /s)

FPD 2 235.5 ± 148.0 ms (n=5721, min=1.3 ms, max=584.3 ms)

SPD 2 22.3 ± 5.4 ms (n=5653, min=0.2 ms, max=46.8 ms)

beg-FPD 2 26.0 ± 13.6 ms (n=1251, min=1.3 ms, max=50.0 ms)

end-FPD 2 383.3 ± 57.8 ms (n=2257, min=300.1 ms, max=584.3 ms)

ED 2 258.1 ± 150.8 ms (n=5653, min=0.5 ms, max=634.6 ms)

IED 2 325.1 ± 194.2 ms (n=5653, min=84.0 ms, max=2899.9 ms)

GD 2 583.2 ± 185.6 ms (n=5653, min=146.2 ms, max=3402.5 ms)

FPDF 2 13.11 ± 1.27 kHz (n=5659, min=9.19 kHz, max=12.19 kHz)

FPCF 2 13.11 ± 0.88 kHz (n=5659, min=11.06 kHz, max=12.47 kHz)

FPF1Q 2 13.11 ± 0.88 kHz (n=5659, min=11.06 kHz, max=12.47 kHz)

FPF3Q 2 14.09 ± 0.94 kHz (n=5659, min=11.91 kHz, max=13.41 kHz)

FPP 2 0.00 ± 4.48 dB (n=5528, min=-18.16 dB, max=20.05 dB)

SPDF 2 13.53 ± 1.15 kHz (n=5614, min=10.22 kHz, max=12.66 kHz)

SPCF 2 13.58 ± 0.86 kHz (n=5614, min=11.25 kHz, max=12.94 kHz)

SPF1Q 2 13.58 ± 0.86 kHz (n=5614, min=11.25 kHz, max=12.94 kHz)

SPF3Q 2 14.58 ± 1.02 kHz (n=5614, min=12.38 kHz, max=13.78 kHz)

SPP 2 9.49 ± 4.42 dB (n=5486, min=-14.84 dB, max=23.38 dB)

Phrase 3

PH 3 D 7.32 ± 3.49 s (n=76, min= 1.66 s, max= 21.73 s)

NE 3 32 ± 14 (n=76, min=10, max=77)

RR 3 4.41 ± 0.59 nE 3 /s (n=76, min= 3.50 E 3 /s, max= 6.02 E 3 /s)

ED 3 33.3 ± 7.7 ms (n=2710, min=15.7 ms, max=80.9 ms)

IED 3 199.0 ± 50.7 ms (n=2710, min=102.6 ms, max=652.2 ms)

GD 3 231.0 ± 53.1 ms (n=2710, min=113.5 ms, max=689.7 ms)

DF 3 13.36 ± 1.19 kHz (n=2700, min=10.78 kHz, max=12.47 kHz)

CF 3 13.38 ± 0.95 kHz (n=2700, min=10.97 kHz, max=12.75 kHz)

F1Q 3 13.38 ± 0.95 kHz (n=2700, min=10.97 kHz, max=12.75 kHz)

F3Q 3 14.32 ± 1.12 kHz (n=2700, min=12.09 kHz, max=13.5 kHz)

EP 3 6.88 ± 5.37 dB (n=2833, min=-15.58 dB, max=20.22 dB)

We could observe the discontinuity (gaps, missing one or two pulses) in the low-intensity parts (FP2) of phrase 2 ( PH 2) (arrow in Fig. 14 View Figure 14 ), which look more like a failure in the neural network generating the song pattern than a regular song pattern.

The song always begins with PH 1, followed by PH 2. This first sequence appears to be an activation and introduction of the song. It is also present even if the complete singing of the previous song has been interrupted for only a few seconds. The singing then continues with various repetitive patterns: PH 1- PH 2- PH 1- PH 2- PH 1- PH 2… or PH 2- PH 3- PH 2- PH 3- PH 2- PH 3… and rarely PH 1- PH 2- PH 3- PH 1- PH 2- PH 3- PH 1- PH 2- PH 3…

The song pattern: Frequency range

The frequency spectrum of the calling song shows a broad maximum of intensity (at –20 dB range) between 10.5 and 15.0 kHz ( Table 1, Figs. 14 View Figure 14 , 15 View Figure 15 ).

The dominant frequency is not constant in all phrases but shows no clear modulation pattern ( Figs. 14 View Figure 14 , 15 View Figure 15 ). The dominant frequency (DF) of the echemes in phrase 1 (DF 1) is 13.44 ± 0.67 kHz and in phrase 3 (DF 3) 13.38 ± 0.95 kHz. In phrase 2, the dominant frequency of first low-intensity part of double echeme (FPDF 2) is 13.11 ± 0.88 kH and is slightly but significantly lower then in second very short high-intensity part of double echeme (SPDF 2) where is 13.58 ± 0.86 kHz ( Table 1, Fig. 15 View Figure 15 ).

The song pattern: Power range

The calling males modulate the echeme power (EP) at four levels, with differences between the levels of 1, 2.5, and 5 dB ( Table 1, Fig. 17 View Figure 17 ).

Ecology

Cicadetta karandila sp. n. occurs in mountains at altitudes between 900 and 1,400 m a.s.l., with the exception of the Dzhendema Reserve in the Tazha River gorge at 600 m a.s.l. Males often stay and sing on deciduous trees or higher shrubs and on Norway Fir ( Picea abies (L.) Karsten), but they also visit meadows or forest clearings ( Figs. 18 View Figure 18 , 19 View Figure 19 ), where they sit and call for a while on low vegetation, such as grasses and ferns. Cicadetta karandila sp. n. is active during the day, and we measured pearch temperatures between 23.4 and 25.0 °C.

Together with C. karandila sp. n., we regularly acoustically detected Cicadetta montana s. str. (Scopoli, 1772) and Cicadetta macedonica Schedl, 1999 at all localities, except for the Dzhendema Reserve in the Tazha River gorge, the lowest locality with C. karandila sp. n., where Cicada orni Linnaeus, 1758 and Lyristes plebejus (Scopoli, 1763) also occurred. In the Tvarditshki prohod, the three Cicadetta species were also accompanied by Cicadetta brevipennis Fieber, 1876 . Only once ( 30.6.2020) in Karandila near the upper chairlift station we also recorded Dimissalna dimissa (Hagen, 1856) , which was also present during our only visit ( 2.7.2020) in Sarnena Sredna Gora.

Etymology (Derivatio nominis): The name of the species reflects the name of the locality where we first heard and recorded the characteristic sound emissions near the upper chairlift station on Karandila on Stara Planina Mountain.

Discussion

Singing cicadas ( Hemiptera : Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae ) produce species-specific song during pair formation ( Sueur 2006) (i.e. prereproductive barrier), which is very useful for their taxonomy. Several studies have demonstrated that the use of bioacoustic methods and sound analysis enables the recognition and discovery of species, confirmation or verification, and inventorying of species ( Sueur & Puissant 2007). This also applies to the mountain cicadas complex ( Cicadetta montana sensu lato) ( Gogala & Trilar 2004; Sueur & Puissant 2007; Trilar & Gogala 2007; Gogala et al. 2008, 2009, 2011; Hertach 2011; Hertach et al. 2015, 2016; Trilar et al. 2020).

The song group »cerdaniensis « of the mountain cicada complex ( Cicadetta montana sensu lato) now comprises five species and one subspecies: C. cantilatrix , C. sibillae , C. cerdaniensis s. str., C. anapaistica anapaistica , C. a. lucana and C. karandila sp. n. The species share the double echemes with the first low-intensity part followed without interruption by a very short high-intensity part.