Pangraptinae

4. Pangraptinae View in CoL View at ENA

Lafontaine & Schmidt (2010) classified Pangraptinae as a subfamily and the same classification is followed by Holloway (2011) and Zahiri et al. (2012).

Adult characters. It is difficult to identify the morphological characters that diagnose Pangraptinae unambiguously. Holloway (2011) and Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005) mentioned a few common attributes for the family: distal margins of wings may be angled centrally or more rounded; labial palps are long, slender, particularly the third segment, and upcurved. In the hindwing, the M2 vein occupies roughly one-third of the cell. In the male genitalia, the uncus is medially globular and setose; the valva is tapered with the sacculus as long as the valva; juxta is cone-like; aedeagus is broad at base, vesica with one or more spine-like cornuti. In the female genitalia, antrum is short and heavily sclerotised; ductus bursae long membranous, posterior part of the ductus bursae with spined sclerites; appendix bursae and basal part of corpus bursae are coiled; corpus bursae is oval with signa.

Larval characters. Most of the known larvae are spindle-shaped, with the two anterior pairs of prolegs reduced and the anal ones directed out posteriorly.

Diversity and distribution. Approximately 250 species are distributed in New World and Old World. In India , 43 species in 12 genera are known.