Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Swartz (1803: 312)

7. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Swartz (1803: 312) View in CoL . Fig. 10 View FIGURE 10 .

Hemionitis esculenta Retzius (1791: 38) .

Type : INDIA. J. G., Kӧnig s.n. ( lectotype LD1122195 !; fragment K001089389 !; designated by Fischer, 1932: 75) .

Plants terrestrial. Stems erect, up to 6 cm diameter, covered with scales at apex; scales 12–15 × 1.0– 1.2 mm, linear with long tail apex, brown, margin thick and toothed. Fronds up to 1.30 m, bipinnate; petioles 50–70 cm, 0.5–1.0 cm diameter, dark green, glabrous or pubescent, dark brown and scaly at lower portion. Laminae 1–2 pinnate, variable in size, full-grown often more than 60 cm long, ovate-deltoid in outline; pinnae 6–8 pairs, alternate, about 35–40 × 25–30 cm, stalks about 8 cm long, longest at lower pinnae, oblong in outline, rather suddenly narrowing towards acute apex, glabrous, papyraceous, light green; pinnules 9–12 pairs, alternate, 8–10 × 1.5–2.0 cm, sessile, oblong, apex acuminate, base truncate or subtruncate; margin subentire to lobed; lobe about ¼ way to costule, apex round, margin serrulate; vein anastomosing, pinnate, veinlets of pinnate groups in each lobe up to 10 pairs, lower 2–3 pairs of adjacent groups anastomosing, forming an irregular intermediate excurrent veins leading towards a sinus between adjacent lobes. Sori elongate nearly the whole length of veinlets, often uniting with the opposite ones, indusiate; indusia elongate, thin, persistance. Spores monolete, 35–42.5 × 20–25 μm, bilateral, concavo-convex to plano-convex, perispore present; ornamentation: puslulate.

Thailand: —NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son ( Mae La Noi, Mae Su Rin), Chiang Mai (Ban Mae Kon, Doi Chiang Dao, Fang, Mae Klang, Hang Dong, Kang Kat, Sop Aep), Chiang Rai (Khunkorn waterfalls, Mae Kok), Nan, ( Huai Sand village ), Lamphun (Mae Tha), Lampang (Jae Sawn), Phrae, Tak, Phitsanulok (Phu Hin Rong kla); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Nong Hin); EASTERN:Chiyaphum (Nam Phrom, Phu Kheaw); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Kroeng Kawia, Phomphi, Sai Yok, Takean Thong waterfalls), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Huaiyang waterfalls); CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok (Khao Yai), Saraburi (Muak Lek), Krung Thep ( Bangkok); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chon Buri (Si Racha, Khao kiew), Prachin Buri, Rayong (Ban Khai); PENINSULAR: Surat Thani (Khao Pok, Ban Don), Satun (Ban Dan), Yala (Ban Beujaw), Narathiwat (Waeng).

Distribution: —Tropics of Asia ( type from India), China, Japan, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.

Ecology: —Usually on moist ground in paddy fields or along stream banks in open places or at least in light shade at low or medium elevation.

Specimens Examined:— THAILAND. no locality, A. Marcan 761 (BM); ibis., A. Marcan 765 (BM); Mae Hong Son, A.F. G. Kerr 5458 (BK, BM); Chon Buri, C. Chermsirivathana & Pragad 1980 (BK); Kanchanaburi, C.F. van Beusekom & C. Phengklai 97 (B); Mae Hong Son, Mae La Noi, E. Hennipman 3481 (L); ibis., E. Hennipman 3481 (BM); ibis., E. Hennipman 3481 (B); Prachinburi, Khao Yai, E. Hennipman 3960 (L); Satul, Ban Dan, E. Smith 2635 (BM); Samut Prakarn, J.F. Maxwell 70-24 (BK); Bangkok, J.F. Maxwell 71-751 (BK); ibis., J.F. Maxwell 71-752 (BK); Chonburi, Khao kiew, J.F. Maxwell 74-1096 (BK); ibis., J.F. Maxwell 74-1097 (L); Chon Buri, J.F. Maxwell 74-1097 (BK); Yala Ban Beujaw, J.F. Maxwell 86-867 (L, PSU); Chiang Mai, J.F. Maxwell 90-117 (L); Chiang Mai, Chiang Dao, J.F. Maxwell 92-804 (L); Chanthaburi, J.F. Maxwell s.n. (BK); Rayong, K. Kertsawank 367 (QBG); Narathiwat, Sungei Kolok, K. Larsen & S. Larsen 32875 (BKF, L); Nan, Huai Sand village, K. Srithi 377 (QBG); Lampang, Jae Sawn, L.M. Banoc 16 (L); Chaiyaphum, Nong Bua Daeng, M. Norsaengsri 5422 (QBG); Lamphun, Mae Tha, N. RomKham 275 (QBG); Prachuap Khiri Khan, O. Neansuvan 103 (BCU); Lampang, Doi Luang, O. Petrmitr 369 (L); Nanhon Si Thammarat, Khao Nan, O. Ratana 25 (BCU); Phitsanulok, Phu Hin Rong kla, P. Pongkai 110 (BCU); Kanchanaburi, Takean Thong waterfalls, P. Pongkai 84 (BCU); ibis., P. Pongkai 85 (BCU); ibis., P. Pongkai 86 (BCU); Chiang Rai, Khunkorn waterfalls, P. Ratchata 202 (BCU); ibis., P. Ratchata 208 (BCU); Phitsanulok, Pragad 563 (BK); Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai, S. Chongko 119 (L); Chaiyaphum, Phu Kheaw, S. Simpa 21 (BCU); ibis., S. Simpa 45 (BCU); Chiang mai, Hang Dong, T. Boonkerd 17 (BCU); Loei, Nong Hin, T. Boonkerd 2011-10 (BCU); Kanjanaburi Si York, T. Vongthavone 128 (BK); Nanhon Si Thammarat, U. Damsri 43 (BCU); Phrae, W. Somprasing 289 (BK); Prachuap Khiri Khan, Huaiyang waterfalls, Y. Yuyen 191 (BCU). BRUNEI. Temburong, A.D. Poulsen 144 (K). CHINA. no locality, C.G. Matthew s.n. (K); Hainan, F.A. Mcclure 7730 (K); Kwangtung, F.A. Mcclure 13188 (K); Hongkong, H.H. Edie s.n. (K); Yunnan, J. Cavalerie 7261 (K); ibis., J. Cavalerie 8109 (K); Kwangtung, K.J. Stward et al. 143 (K); Yunnan, Li Bao-gui 45074 (QBG); Hongkong, Shiu Ying Hu 6105 (K); ibis., Shiu Ying Hu 11884 (K); no locality, T. Sampson s.n. (K). INDIA. J.G. König s.n. (K). INDONESIA. no locality, A. Ernst 433 (K); ibis., A. Ernst 930 (K); Java, Berlanger s.n. (K); no locality, C. Millett s.n. (K); no locality, C.L. Blume s.n. (K); no locality, Docters van Leeuwen 11062 (K); no locality, E. de la Savinierre 69 (K); Sumatra, E. Gardette 388 (K); Sulawesi, E. Hennipman 5955 (K); no locality, E. Smith 2637 (K); no locality, F. Newton s.n. (K); no locality, F.H. Endert 3325 (K); no locality, G.J. de Joncheere 1062 (K); no locality, Heunaka 1321 (K); no locality, J.A. Lörzing 12735 (K); no locality, J.P. Mousset 48 (K); Sulawesi, J.S. Tukirin 3544 (K); Java, M. Raciborski s.n. (K); Sulawesi, M.J.S. Sands 493 (K); no locality, P.J. Eyma 3253 (K); Borneo, P.W. Korthals s.n. (K); Java, R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink 5508 (K); no locality, R.J. Johns & C. Cook 9303 (K); no locality, T.W Main 1363 (K); no locality, W.H. de Vriese 272 (K); no locality, W.J. Lütjeharms 5383 (K); Sumatra, Y. Aumeeruddy 373 (K). JAPAN. Taito, M. tagawa 2544 (K). MALAYSIA. Sabah, A. Hoare & E. Marong 75 (K); Danum Valley, A. Karolus 15 (K); no locality, B. Allen 1350 (K); no locality, B. Scortechini s.n. (K); no locality, B.S. Parris & P.J. Edwards 10474 (K); no locality, B.S. Parris 7075 (K); Perak, Dr. King’s Collector 414 (K); no locality, E.S. Hose & G. Hose 165 (K); no locality, G.H. Spare 36050 (K); Sabah, G.H.S. Wood 2050 (K); no locality, H. Christensen & F. Apu 36C (K); Sarawak, H. Christensen 1141 (K); no locality, H.N. Ridley 7863 (K); ibis., H.N. Ridley 14759 (K); no locality, H.N. Ridley s.n. (K); no locality, H.P. Fuchs 21223 (K); Sarawak, J. Clemens & M.S. Clemens 21417 (K); ibis., J. Clemens & M.S. Clemens 21464 (K); Sarawak, J. Sinclair SFN38397 (K); no locality, M. Giking 10 (K); no locality, O. Beccari s.n. (K); no locality, P.J. Edwards 2029 (K); ibis, P.W. Richards 2627 (K); no locality, Piggott, A.G. 2354 (K); Kelantan Kuala Aring, R.H. Yapp 173 (K); Perak, W. Robinson 27 (K). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. no locality, A. Floyd 5664 (K); Western Highlands, B.S. Parris & J.P. Croxall 4449 (K); Kanosia, C.E. Carr 11490 (K); no locality, F.R.R. Schlechter 14209 (K); ibis., F.R.R. Schlechter 17313 (K); no locality, H. Streimann & A. Kairo NGF44433 (K); Morobe, J.R. Croft 667 (K); no locality, L.J. Brass 28694 (K); New Ireland Ugana, S. Peckel 35 (K); Guni Guni, W. Fitzgerald 1 (K); Morobe, W. Takeuchi & A. Towati 15251 (K). PHILIPPINES. no locality, A. Loher 1236 (K); no locality, A.D.E. Elmer 6682 (K); ibis., A.D.E. Elmer 10115 (K); Basilan Menzi, A.G. Piggott 2268 (K); Luzon, E. Quisumbing M195 (K); ibis., E. Quisumbing M210 (K); no locality, E.B. Copeland 604 (K); no locality, E.D. Merrill 2542 (K); Luzon, E.D. Merrill 593 (K); ibis., E.D. Merrill 2552 (K); no locality, H. Cuming 35 (K); ibis., H. Cuming 167 (K); Mindanao, H.N. Moseley s.n. (K); Luzon, M. Vanoverbergh 1676b (K); Mindanao, R.S. Williams 2821 (K); Luzon, S. Vidal y Soler 18348 (K). SINGAPORE. H.J. Murton 147 (K).

Note:—Young fronds are locally consumed as vegetable.