Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo, 1965)

Rhinella mirandaribeiroi View in CoL (Cerrado vs. Topotypes)

Morphologic and Morphometric

Morphometric variable values can be found in Table 1 View TABLE 1 . The topotypes of R. mirandaribeiroi are morphologically similar to B. g. lutzi and other specimens from the Cerrado , and they can be diagnosed from most species in the group by: granular or continuous cranial crests, low supraorbital crest, infraorbital crest extending usually beyond the postorbital crest, generally discontinuous reduced maxillary crest, and absence of a parietal crest ( Figures 1–2 View FIGURE 1 View FIGURE 2 ). Loreal region clearly visible in dorsal view, tympanum very close to the postorbital crest (DTP 0.4–1.0% CRC), a usually present clear longitudinal vertebral line, and a light cream or yellowish ventral side, with or without pigmentation. Neither morphological nor morphometric characters allowed for the diagnosis between populations.

Acoustics

We found conserved parameters of call features among samples. All evaluated specimens have advertisement calls consisting of regular series of pulsed notes (trills) that can last up to 11 seconds. The call has ascending amplitude modulation, with the initial notes generally having low amplitude and then quickly reaching the maximum, which is maintained up the end. The notes consist of three to five concatenated pulses (without intervals of silence). No acoustic feature was different among the evaluated populations.

Topotypical population of R. mirandaribeiroi (Soure, Marajó Island)

In the type locality, males vocalize after rains at night in shallow puddles formed along dirt roads on the outskirts of the city. The immediate surroundings of these vocalization sites were open anthropogenic environments with pasture or cultivated areas. Syntopic anurans include Leptodactylus fuscus , Scinax x-signatus , Boana raniceps , S. fuscomarginatus, Physalaemus ephippifer, and Adenomera hylaedactyla . The advertisement call consists of a sequence of approximately 126 notes and lasts around 4 seconds, emitted at a rate of 8 calls per minute with 33 notes per second. The calls reach maximum amplitude rapidly and remain constant until the end ( Figure 3 View FIGURE 3 ). The notes have a duration of about 20 ms and contain 3−4 pulses per note. The dominant frequency is around 2800 Hz. Further details in Table 2 View TABLE 2 .