Bonnetina aviae, ESTRADA-ALVAREZ & LOCHT, 2011

BONNETINA AVIAE ESTRADA-ALVAREZ & LOCHT, 2011 View in CoL

( FIGS 1, 2, 3B, 10A; TABLE 1)

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9D84A48B-C34D-4E03-9280-3A15B130B76C

Bonnetina aviae Estrada-Alvarez & Locht, 2011: 151 View in CoL , figs. 1–11, 15, 18–19. Estrada-Alvarez, 2014: 60, figs. 35–37. Ortiz & Francke, 2016: figs. 1–7.

Type locality: MEXICO: state of Mexico: Ecatepec de Morelos municipality: San Cristóbal neighbourhood: San Efrén graveyard: 19.5913°, –99.0451 °.

Material examined (n = 33): MEXICO: state of Mexico. ♂ a holotype ( CNAN-T0693 ), 2 ♂♂ a paratypes ( CNAN-T0694 ) and 2 ♀♀ paratypes ( CNAN-T0695 ). Ecatepec de Morelos municipality: San Cristóbal neighbourhood: San Efrén graveyard: 19.5913°, –99.0451°; 2300 masl . 17/I/2009. Julio C. Estrada-Alvarez, col. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar3729A) and 2 ♀♀ (CNAN-Ar3729B, Ar 3729C). Ecatepec de Morelos municipality: NE slope of Sierra de Guadalupe : 19.6069°, –99.0734°: 2370 masl . 15/VIII/2012. G. Contreras and D. Barrales, cols. Under stones. ♀ (CNAN-Ar3543). Coacalco de Berriozábal municipality: main entrance to Sierra de Guadalupe Urban Park : 19.6080°, –99.0942°: 2415 masl . 13/ VIII/2011. D.Barrales, col. Under a stone. 2 ♂♂ a (CNANAr3588A, Ar 3588B). Nicolás Romero municipality: 1.5 km south-east of Villa del Carbón-Tepotzotlán junction: 19.6347°, –99.3860°: 2580 masl . 12/X/2001. Oscar F. Francke and Edmundo González, cols. Oak forest. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar4077). Ixtapaluca municipality: El Pino Hill: 19.3468°, –98.9194°: 2700 masl . 2013. Carlos Cruz, col. 2 ♀♀ ( AMNH). Tlalnepantla de Baz municipality: Tlalnepantla : La Blanca: 19.5400°, –99.1743°: 2300 masl . 22/VIII/1943. C. Bolívar and B. Osorio, cols. 2 ♀♀ ( AMNH). Tlalnepantla de Baz municipality: San Bartolo Tenayuca : 19.5320°, –99.1684°: 2300 masl . 17/ VI /1943 . C. Bolívar, col. Ciudad de México. Coyoacán delegation: Ciudad Universitaria: Pedregal de San Ángel : 19.3206°, –99.1915°: 2320 masl. Xeric scrubland. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar10093). 24/XI/2014. J. Mendoza, col. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar3128). 3/VIII/1949. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar3131). 13/XI/1959. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar3132). 23/X/1959. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar3664). 29/X/2009. Susana Guzmán, col. ♀ ( AMNH) . 13/VIII/1946. C. J. Goodnight, col. 5 ♀♀ ( AMNH) . 3/VIII/1942. C. Bolívar, col. Hidalgo State. ♀ (CNAN-Ar6970). Tizayuca municipality: hill north-east of Tizayuca : 19.9001°, –98.9440°; 2370 masl . 27/I/2014. D. Ortiz, Daniela Candia, G. Contreras and Rodrigo Monjaraz, cols. In shallow burrow under a stone in a xeric shrubland. Veracruz State: Perote municipality. Close to San Antonio del Limón Totalco town: 19.4797°, –97.3515°: 2410 masl . Sandy soil. Secondary vegetation. 3 ♂♂ a (CNAN-Ar3707, Ar 3708A, 3708B) . 15/ VI /2005 . Pablo Berea, col. 2 ♂♂ a (CNAN-Ar3534A, Ar 3535) and ♀ (CNAN-3534B). 19/XII/2010. Stuart Longhorn, Eddy Hijmensen, Emmanuel Goyer and J. Mendoza, cols .

Diagnosis (emended): Morphology and natural history. Bonnetina aviae belongs to a group of species with similar morphologies, which are separated from most Bonnetina species by the males ( Fig. 10A) having the pedipalpal bulbs geniculate, with the embolus short and strongly curved dorsally, and the females having domiform-low spermatheca. The males differ from those of B. flammigera and B. megagyna by having only simple or conical spines on top of the tibia I accessory apophysis (no stout spines). They additionally differ from males of B. flammigera in that the patellae are greyish-copper, not covered by striking copper penny pubescence. Males differ from those of B. tindoo in that the sternum is sub-circular (approximately as wide as long), not sub-oval (clearly longer than wider). Males of B. aviae and B. unam are morphologically similar. Females of B. aviae differ from those of B. tindoo in the shape of the sternum (same as in the males), from B. hobbit , B. juxtantricola and B. unam , in the normal size of the urticating hair patch (not reduced), and from B. alagoni , by reaching smaller sizes. Bonnetina aviae is known from the surroundings of the Valley of Mexico and one locality in Veracruz, whereas B. alagoni and B. unam are only known from single localities, in northern Morelos, and close to Iguala (Guerrero), respectively. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (7): 84 (C), 238 (C), 264 (C), 618 (G), 700 (A), 908 (G) and 927 ( T). COI p -distances to other species above 6.5%; intra-specific distances less than 2% (Appendices S1, S5).

Species delimitation methods: Integrative ( Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: morphology (only a posteriori features), HG barcoding, PTP, distributional models.

Genetic diversity. COI: KP757184, KP 757185, KP757220 - KP757225, KU664204 ( Fig. 2; Appendix S1). Intra-specific variation <0.2%. ITS1: KP757259, KP757260, KP757296 . Intra-specific variation <2.8%. Only two mitochondrial haplotypes have been sequenced from nine specimens from five localities, in three states, probably due to recent events of colonization ( Ortiz & Francke, 2016).

Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina aviae is known from nine localities, seven of them in the Valley of Mexico and its surroundings (Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico State and southern Hidalgo), which are in the border between the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Mexican Plateau. The other two localities are around Totalco (Veracruz), but the species was possibly introduced there ( Ortiz & Francke, 2016) ( Fig. 1; Table 1). The recorded altitude range is between 2200 and 2700 masl, and the vegetation includes xerophytic shrubs, oak forests and disturbed grasslands. The predicted distribution model ( Fig. 3B; Appendix S2) suggests suitable areas in at least a 700 km long and 130 km maximum wide fringe of elevated areas that cover the states of Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo, México, Ciudad de México, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Puebla and northern Oaxaca. Also, according to this model, the main factors that define the distribution of B. aviae are minimum temperature of coldest month, mean temperature of driest quarter and precipitation of coldest quarter. Adult males of the species have been collected between June and January (both rainy and dry seasons included), and both males and females can be collected under stones, sometimes in shallow burrows. At least in some localities of the Valley of Mexico, B. aviae is sympatric with the theraphosids Aphonopelma anitahoffmannae Locht, Medina, Rojo & Vázquez, 2005 , and Hemirrhagus chilango Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003 .