Bonnetina tanzeri, SCHMIDT, 2012

BONNETINA TANZERI SCHMIDT, 2012 View in CoL

( FIGS 1, 2, 3D, 4B, 6B, 8C–D, 14, 25D–F, 27D–G;

TABLES 1–2)

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DC8AE328-1604-4354-9EC2-3B4593810FE2

Bonnetina tanzeri Schmidt, 2012: 22 View in CoL ; figs 1–8. Bonnetina reyescastilloi Estrada-Alvarez, 2014: 60 View in CoL , figs

38–48. Ortiz & Francke, 2016: figs 1–7. SYN. NOV.

Type locality (emended): MEXICO: Guerrero State: Pungarabato municipality: Ciudad Altamirano (18.35°, –100.66). Article 76.1.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) establishes that, for species, ‘if capture or collection occurred after transport by artificial means, the type locality is the place from which the name-bearing type, or its wild progenitor, began its unnatural journey’. Bonnetina tanzeri was described based on captive-bred specimens descending from individuals collected in Mexico (probably Guerrero State), but more accurate data were missing ( Schmidt, 2012). Schmidt obtained these specimens from, and named the species after, Harald Tanzer, an Austrian tarantula dealer. German tarantula dealer Marc Baumgarten (personal communication, 2015) claims that he collected the ancestors of the type specimens of B. tanzeri in Ciudad Altamirano, Pungarabato municipality, Guerrero State, Mexico. One adult female (CNAN-Ar10095) obtained by Eddy Hijmensen from the European tarantula pet trade, and which is supposed to descend from the same line as the types of B. tanzeri , has the same COI haplotype as adult female CNAN-Ar4087 ( Fig. 2; Appendix S1), collected at Chacamerito (Pungarabato, Guerrero), which is located 5 km south-east of Ciudad Altamirano ( Ortiz & Francke, 2016). Given the very strong genetic structuring of Bonnetina COI haplotypes ( Ortiz & Francke, 2016), we consider highly likely CNAN-10095 ancestors were collected very close to Chacamerito (i.e. Ciudad Altamirano). Finally, B. tanzeri holotype and Chacamerito specimen share crescent-shaped spermatheca and lack any significant differences.

Species level synonymy: Based on integrative, morphological and molecular species delimitation criteria, Ortiz & Francke (2016) showed that B. reyescastilloi has a relatively wide distribution in the states of Mexico, Guerrero and Michoacán. These authors did not include B. tanzeri in their species delimitation study, because the type locality of this species was unknown and no genetic data were available from it. After examining the types of both nominal species and clarifying that the type locality of B. tanzeri is Ciudad Altamirano, we conclude that B. reyescastilloi is a junior synonym of B. tanzeri . Morphologically, the types of both species and specimens from across their distribution share crescent-shaped spermatheca and a reduced male pedipalpal tibia retrolateral nodule. The species is also strongly recovered as just one molecular lineage ( Ortiz & Francke, 2016; this study), and it is the only Bonnetina species known to live in deep burrows in the open ( Fig. 6B).

Material examined (n = 27): ♀ a holotype ( ZMB) , ♂ a allotype ( ZMB) , ♀ a paratype ( CNAN-T0742 ) and ♂ a paratype ( CNAN-T0741 ). Captive-bred by Harald Tanzer, in Austria. Donated to Günter Schmidt on VI /2011 . ♂ a holotype ( CNAN-T0923 ) and ♂ a paratype ( CNAN-T0924 ) of B. reyescastilloi . MEXICO: state of Mexico: Amatepec municipality: Ayuquila settlement: 18.7106°, –100.3223°: 750 masl. 25/VII/2011. Edgar del Valle Salas , col . ♀ a (CNAN-Ar3690). Amatepec municipality: hill at 2 km south of Santiago : 18.6690°, –100.2411°: 1230 masl. 22/IV/2012. Jorge Mendoza, David Ortiz, Rodrigo Monjaraz and Gerardo Contreras, cols. In burrow of about 20 cm deep, in the open. Tropical deciduous forest . ♂ a (CNAN-Ar3408). Amatepec municipality: Santiago : 18.6874°, –100.2448°: 950 masl. 3/X/1968. Rodolfo Guerrero, col . 2 ♀♀ (CNAN-Ar3606A-B). Amatepec municipality: 2–3 km north-east of Palmar Chico : 18.7187°, –100.3829°: 720 masl. 9/ VI /2002. Edmundo González and Oscar Francke, cols. Tropical deciduous forest . ♂ a (CNAN-Ar3718A) and 3 ♀♀ (CNANAr3718B-D). Amatepec municipality: 1 km east of Palmar Chico: 18.7015°, –100.3543°: 850 masl. 8/ VIII/2012. D. Ortiz, Carlos Santibáñez, Diego Barrales and R. Monjaraz, cols. Under stones. Grassland. Moulted in captivity between August and September 2012 . ♀ a (CNAN-Ar4075). Amatepec municipality: 3.3 km north of Palmar Chico (road to Bejucos ): 18.7219°, –100.3838°: 610 masl. 11/XII/2012. D. Ortiz, Eddy Hijmensen and Emmanuel Goyer, cols. Burrow in the open. Tropical deciduous forest . 2 ♂♂ a (CNANAr4074A-B) and 3 ♀♀ a (CNAN-Ar4074C-E). Tejupilco municipality: 2 km south of Bejucos (road to Palmar Chico ): 18.7562°, –100.4241°: 620 masl. 11/XII/2012. D. Ortiz, E. Goyer and E. Hijmensen, cols. In deep burrow in the open; entrance bordered by silk. Tropical deciduous forest . 2 ♀♀ a (CNAN-Ar3737A, Ar 3737B). Otzoloapan municipality: 3 km north of Zuluapan : 19.1627°, –100.3085°: 1250 masl. 7/VIII/2012. D. Ortiz, C.Santibáñez, D.Barrales, and R. Monjaraz, cols. Under stones. Grassland. Moulted in captivity. Guerrero State . ♀ a (CNAN-Ar4087). Pungarabato municipality: ½ km south of Chacamerito : 18.3163°, –100.5870°: 300 masl. 3/ II /2013. Jorge Mendoza, D. Ortiz, D. Barrales and G. Contreras, cols. In burrow. Tropical deciduous forest . ♂ a (CNAN-Ar4088A) and ♀ a (CNAN-Ar4088B). Arcelia municipality: close to Los Brasiles : 18.3814°, –100.2020°: 490 masl. 3/ II /2013. D. Ortiz, J. Mendoza, D. Barrales and G. Contreras, cols. In burrows in road bank. Tropical deciduous forest . ♀ juv (CNAN-Ar4089). General Canuto A. Neri municipality: close to El Texcal settlement: 18.3992°, –100.0988°: 1220 masl. 3/ II /2013. D. Ortiz, J. Mendoza, D. Barrales and G. Contreras, cols. Under a stone. Tropical deciduous forest. Michoacán State . ♀ juv (CNAN-Ar6670A) and ♂ juv (CNAN-Ar6670B). Carácuaro municipality: close to Carácuaro town : 19.0090°, –101.1281°: 540 masl. 22/XI/2013. Ana F. Quijano Ravell, col. Under stones. Tropical deciduous forest .

Diagnosis (emended): Morphology and natural history. Males differ from those of all other Bonnetina species by the reduced retrolateral nodule of the pedipalpal tibia. Females are unique in the genus by having crescent-shaped spermatheca and by the adults digging deep burrows in the open. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (3): 90 (C), 108 (A), 642 ( T). COI p -distances to other species above 8.5%; intra-specific distances less than 2.5% (Appendices S1, S5).

Species delimitation methods: Integrative ( Ortiz & Francke, 2016: as B. reyescastilloi ); this study: morphology, HG barcoding, PTP and behaviour.