Bonnetina

Bonnetina View in CoL ‘Salguero’ – Ortiz & Francke, 2016: figs. 1–7

Types (n = 8): Holotype. ♂ a ( CNAN-T1052 ex-4091A). MEXICO: Michoacán State: San Lucas municipality: Salguero town: 18.4099°, –100.6276°: 280 masl. 2/ II/2013. David Ortiz , Jorge Mendoza , Diego Barrales and Gerardo Contreras , cols. Under a stone in deciduous shrub . Allotype. ♀ ( CNAN-T1053 ex-4091I): same data as holotype. It moulted in captivity in November 2013 . Paratypes. 5 ♂♂ a ( CNAN-T1054 ex-4091B, CNAN-T1055 ex-4091D, SMF, AMNH, MCZ-IZ23252 ): same data as holotype. T1055 , SMF and AMNH matured in captivity between 14 and 16 November 2013 . ♀ ( CNAN-T1056 ex-4091C). Same data as holotype .

Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latin adjective that means ‘threatening’. It makes reference to the dense striking reddish tonalities that cover the carapace of this species. Red is usually associated with warning signals in nature.

Diagnosis: Morphology. Males differ from those of most Bonnetina species by having strongly developed tibiae I accessory apophysis, not geniculate pedipalpal bulbs, and long and sub-conical bulbal embolus, lacking PSA keel. They differ from males of B. tenuiverpis and B. malinalli , by the much stronger development of the accessory apophysis, from B. cyaneifemur , by having the appendages covered by rather uniformly dark grey pilosity, instead of copper to pink, and additionally, from all three B. tenuiverpis , B. malinalli and B. cyaneifemur , by its pedipalpal bulb shape. Females differ from most species by having pawn or nipple-shaped spermatheca. They differ from females of B. cyaneifemur by the less colourful appendages (like in males), from B. malinalli and B. tenuiverpis by its larger size, from B. hijmenseni by lacking very distinct patellae stripes and from all B. cyaneifemur , B. malinalli , B. tenuiverpis and B. hijmenseni , by having the carapace covered by dense bright copper pubescence. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (3): 30 (G), 159 (A), 324 (A). COI p -distances to other species (except B. tenuiverpis ) above 8.5%; p -distance to B. tenuiverpis between 2.4 and 2.9%. COI intra-specific distances less than 2% (Appendices S1, S5).

Species delimitation methods: Integrative ( Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: morphology and PTP.

Description

Male holotype: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 3. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by dense bright copper pubescence, which masks partially the dark brown integument ( Fig. 8G). Femora black, with scarce bright blue hairs. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments rather uniformly dark grey. Patellae longitudinal stripes inconspicuous. Prosoma. Caput almost flat and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, slightly recurved. Ocular mask absent. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.82; length, 1.04. Clypeus width, 0.30. AME circular, diameter, 0.44; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.50; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.34; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.46. Sternum ( Fig. 15A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.46; anterior width, 1.13; posterior width, 2.23. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 6.5; patella, 4.2; tibia, 5.8; Total, 16.5. Leg I: femur, 10.3; patella, 6.3; tibia, 7.6; metatarsus, 6.9; tarsus, 4.9; Total, 36.0. Leg II: femur, 9.9; patella, 5.8; tibia, 6.8; metatarsus, 7.2; tarsus, 4.8; Total, 34.5. Leg III: femur, 8.3; patella, 4.9; tibia, 6.2; metatarsus, 7.8; tarsus, 4.8; Total, 32.0. Leg IV: femur, 10.7; patella, 5.3; tibia, 8.9; metatarsus, 11.7; tarsus, 5.7; Total, 42.1. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p0-0-1; tibia p0-2-0. Leg I: femur p0-0-1; patella v2; tibia p0-0-1 v3-2-1; metatarsus v0-0-1. Leg II: femur p0-0-1; patella v1; tibia p0-1-2 v6-3-4; metatarsus v8-1- 0. Leg III: femur p0-0-1 r0-0-1; patella p1; tibia p1-1-0 r0-1-2 v3-3-4; metatarsus p1-1-2 r0-1-2 v1-2-3. Leg IV: femur r0-0-1; tibia p0-1-1 r0-1-1 v2-2-3; metatarsus p0-1-2 r0-1-2 v3-4-3. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II present. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, apical 3/4 of the segment; on legs III, apical 1/2; on legs IV, apical 1/4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, II and III, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3–4 hair-wide band of thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal oval patch, pointing backwards. Sexual features. Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with prominent, apically inclined, conical nodule near the apex. Pedipalpal bulbs ( Fig. 15B–H). Embolus sub-conical, gradually thinning from base to apex, curved dorsally and retrolaterally, and twisted counterclockwise (from base to apex) to the point that in the apex, the ventral structures of the bulb become prolateral. PS, PI, D and SP keels present. PS is moderately developed, smooth and extends from the embolus base to almost its apex. PI keel is mostly serrated and is absent from the apical 1/3 of the embolus, not reaching the sperm pore area. D keel is well developed, restricted to the sub-apical zone of the embolus. SP keels approximately of the same size, extending for about double the longitude from the bulb apex to the sperm pore; they are folded onto each other on their apical half, forming the sperm pore. Bulbal heel well developed. Legs I Holding Organ. Tibiae I with three apophyses near the apex ( Fig. 15I, J). Prolateral and retrolateral apophyses originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis conical, slightly bent prolaterally and bearing a stout megaspine on its internal border. Retrolateral apophysis chevron-shaped, thickened, not dorsally curved, lacking an internal mound and with a conical tip. Accessory apophysis very developed, subrectangular-shaped, bearing six stout megaspines at its apex and one conical spine on the internal border (in right limb, four stout spines on top and one conical spine in the inner side and medial area, respectively). The moderately curved metatarsus I folds between prolateral and retrolateral apophyses. Metatarsi I with a patch of 22 (24 right) granules on its basal ventro-retrolateral region; one granule (only right) on basal ventro-prolateral region. Metatarsi I noticeably thin. GenBank accession number. COI: KP757236 View Materials . Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80% ethanol. Left pedipalpal bulb is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Right pedipalpal bulb is apart and coated with gold. Right leg III preserved in 96% ethanol at −20 °C for molecular studies.

Male variation (n = 5) ( Figs 25G–I): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 9.3–11.9; carapace width: 8.4–10.3; carapace width/length: 0.87–0.90; sternum length: 4.4–5.8; sternum width: 4.1–5.1; sternum width/length: 0.87–0.94; labial cuspules: 47–82; maxillary cuspules: 117–164; spines on accessory tibial apophysis: 3–5; prolateral/retrolateral tibial apophysis: 0.35–0.46; accessory/retrolateral apophysis: 0.25–0.31; granules in the metatarsus I patch: 17–23; posterior sigillae to the sternum border: 1.0–1.5 diameter of sigilla. Qualitative features. Ocular mask present or absent. Spine cluster in base of metatarsus II present or absent. Metatarsus I accessory apophysis strongly developed, sub-rectangular, sub-quadrate, or crescent-shaped, and bearing triangular and/or stout spines.

Allotype female: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 3. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by dense red copper pubescence, which hides the dark brown integument ( Fig. 8H). Femora black, with blue iridescent tonalities. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments with light copper hairs on dark grey background. Patellae longitudinal stripes poorly marked, dark brown. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears a few thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, slightly recurved. Ocular mask absent. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.66; length, 1.03. Clypeus width, 0.40. AME circular, diameter, 0.42; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.50; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.36; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.44. Sternum slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.46; anterior width, 1.16; posterior width, 2.36. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 6.1; patella, 4.1; tibia, 4.2; tarsus, 4.1; Total, 18.5. Leg I: femur, 7.9; patella, 5.7; tibia, 6.3; metatarsus, 4.8; tarsus, 3.7; Total, 28.4. Leg II: femur, 7.6; patella, 5.1; tibia, 5.1; metatarsus, 4.8; tarsus, 3.7; Total, 26.3. Leg III: femur, 6.8; patella, 4.3; tibia, 4.5; metatarsus, 5.3; tarsus, 3.7; Total, 24.6. Leg IV: femur, 9.0; patella, 4.9; tibia, 7.1; metatarsus, 8.3; tarsus, 4.5; Total, 33.8. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p0-0-1; tibia p0-1-0 v2-3-3. Leg I: femur p0-0-1; tibia v0-1-0; metatarsus v0-1-1. Leg II: femur p0-1-1; tibia p1-1-0 v1-1-2; metatarsus p0-1-0 v0-1-1. Leg III: femur p0-0-1 r0-0-1; patella p1; tibia p1-1-0 r1-1-0 v1-2-3; metatarsus p2-1-2 r0-1-1 v1-3-3. Leg IV: femur r0-0-1; tibia r1-0-1 v1-2-3; metatarsus p0-1-2 r0-1-2 v2-2-4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except by basal-most region of the segment; on legs II, apical 3/4 prolaterally and apical 1/2 retrolaterally; on legs III, apical 1/2; on legs IV, apical 1/4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 1–2 hairs wide band of non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3–5 hairs wide band of thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal heptagon-shaped patch. Sexual features. Single pawn-shaped, symmetrical spermatheca ( Fig. 15K, L). GenBank accession number. COI: KP757238 View Materials . Preservation state. The specimen is in optimal conditions, stored in a jar with 80% ethanol. Genital area is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Right leg III preserved in 96% ethanol at −20 °C for molecular studies.

Female variation (n = 1) ( Fig. 27H): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 11.2; carapace width: 10.0; carapace width/length: 0.89; sternum length: 5.5; sternum width: 5.2; sternum width/length: 0.95; labial cuspules: 82; maxillary cuspules: 151 and 162; spermatheca base width: 0.90; spermatheca length: 0.82; spermatheca base width/length: 0.91; posterior sigillae to the sternum border: 2 diameter of sigilla. Qualitative features. Ocular mask present. Spermatheca nipple-shaped.

G e n e t i c d i v e rs i t y. C O I: K P7 5 7 1 9 5, K P 7 5 7 1 9 6, KP757237 View Materials ( Fig. 2; Appendix S1). Intra-specific variation <0.2%. ITS1: KP757271 View Materials , KP757272 View Materials , KP757302 View Materials . Intra-specific variation <0.9%.

Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina minax has been collected in a single locality (280 masl) in Michoacán, close to the border to Guerrero, in the Balsas Basin ( Fig. 1; Table 1). The spiders live under stones in a deciduous shrub, very close to Salguero town ( Fig. 4D). Two adult males were collected on early February, whereas three others matured in captivity in mid-November.