Bonnetina

Bonnetina View in CoL ‘Xixila’ – Ortiz & Francke, 2016: figs. 1–7.

Types (n = 3): Holotype. ♀ ( CNAN-T1067 ex-3705). MEXICO: Guerrero State: Olinalá municipality: 1 km north of Xixila : 17.9549°, –98.8496°: 1700 masl. 14/ VIII/2007. Jorge Mendoza, col. Under a stone in oak forest . Allotype. ♂ a ( CNAN-T1068 ex-3403A): same collecting data as holotype . Paratype. ♂ a ( SMF ex- CNAN-3403B): same collecting data as holotype .

Etymology: The specific name is formed by the Greek words ‘mega’ (large) and ‘gyna’ (female). This species is the only Bonnetina known to have domiform-high spermatheca. Also, the female holotype is much larger than the paratype males.

Diagnosis: Morphology. Males differ from those of most Bonnetina species by having the pedipalpal bulbs geniculate, the embolus short and strongly curved dorsally, and by having stout spines on top of the tibia I accessory apophysis. They differ from males of B. flammigera in that the appendages are grey with scattered light brown hairs, instead of being covered by abundant copper penny pubescence. Females are unique by the presence of domiform-high spermatheca. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (1): 438 (G). COI p -distances to other species above 6.5%; intra-specific distances less than 2.5% (Appendices S1, S5).

Species delimitation methods: Integrative ( Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: morphology, HG barcoding, and PTP.

Description

Holotype female: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 4. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by fairly abundant copper red pubescence, which masks partially the dark grey integument ( Fig. 10F). Femora dark grey, with scarce copper red hairs. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments with copper red pubescence on dark grey background. Patellae longitudinal stripes inconspicuous. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, recurved. Ocular mask absent. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.48; length, 1.02. Clypeus width, 0.32. AME circular, diameter, 0.34; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.56; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.38; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.42. Sternum ( Fig. 21A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.60; anterior width, 1.45; posterior width, 2.40. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 6.3; patella, 4.4; tibia, 4.7; tarsus, 4.2; Total, 19.6. Leg I: femur, 8.8; patella, 5.8; tibia, 6.5; metatarsus, 5.1; tarsus, 3.1; Total, 29.3. Leg II: femur, 8.0; patella, 5.1; tibia, 5.1; metatarsus, 4.8; tarsus, 3.2; Total, 26.2. Leg III: femur, 6.8; patella, 4.6; tibia, 4.5; metatarsus, 5.9; tarsus, 3.7; Total, 25.5. Leg IV: femur, 9.4; patella, 5.1; tibia, 6.8; metatarsus, 8.6; tarsus, 4.6; Total, 34.5. Leg IV > I> II > III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p0-0-1; tibia v0-2-3. Leg I: femur p0-0-1; tibia v0-1-1; metatarsus v1-0-1. Leg II: femur p0-0-1; tibia p1-0-0 v0-1-3; metatarsus v1-0-1. Leg III: femur p0-0-1 r0-0- 1; tibia p1-1-0 r1-0-1 v1-1-3; metatarsus p1-2-1 r0-1-1 v1-1-3. Leg IV: tibia r1-0-1 v1-2-3; metatarsus p0-1-1 r0-1-1 v2-2-4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except by basal-most region; on legs II, full prolaterally and apical 3/4 retrolaterally; on legs III, apical 1/2; on legs IV, apical 1/4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 1–2 hairs wide band of thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3–5 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal circular patch. Sexual features. Single domiform-high spermatheca ( Fig. 21K, L). It is strongly asymmetrical: fully sclerotized in ventral view, but dorsally only at its apical half. GenBank accession numbers. COI: KP757219 View Materials . ITS1: KP757295, KP757308 . Preservation state. The specimen is in optimal condition, stored in a jar with 80% ethanol. Genital area is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Right leg III preserved in 96% ethanol at −20 °C for molecular studies.

Allotype male: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 4. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by fairly abundant copper penny pubescence, which masks partially the dark grey integument ( Fig. 10E). Femora very dark grey. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments medium grey, with scattered long, light brown hairs. Patellae longitudinal stripes inconspicuous. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, recurved. Ocular mask present. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.12; length, 0.66. Clypeus width, 0.14. AME circular, diameter, 0.32; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.36; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.24; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.28. Sternum slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 0.84; anterior width, 0.80; posterior width, 1.58. Appendage segment lengths. Palp : femur, 4.2; patella, 2.8; tibia, 3.7; Total , 10.7. Leg I: femur, 6.6; patella, 4.1; tibia, 4.7; metatarsus, 4.3; tarsus, 2.7; Total , 22.4. Leg II: femur, 5.9; patella, 3.6; tibia, 4.1; metatarsus, 3.8; tarsus, 2.8; Total , 20.2. Leg III: femur, 5.2; patella, 3.1; tibia, 3.4; metatarsus, 4.4; tarsus, 3.1; Total , 19.2. Leg IV: femur, 6.5; patella, 3.4; tibia, 5.2; metatarsus, 6.3; tarsus, 3.8; Total , 25.2. Leg IV > I> II > III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp : femur p0-0-1. Leg I: femur p0-0-1; tibia v3-3-1; metatarsus v0-0-1. Leg II: femur p0-0-1; tibia p0-2-0 v3-3- 3; metatarsus p0-1-1 v2-0-2. Leg III: femur p0-0-1 r0-0-1; tibia p1-0-1 r1-0-1 v3-2-3; metatarsus p1-1-2 r0-1-1 v2-2-4. Leg IV: femur r0-0-1; tibia r1-0-1 v3-3- 4; metatarsus p0-1-2 r0-2-1 v2-2-4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, apical 3/4 of the segment; on legs II and III, apical 1/2; on legs IV, apical 1/4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs II, divided by a 1–2 hairs wide band of thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 3–5 hairs wide band of thick hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3–5 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal oval patch, pointing backwards. Sexual features. Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with prominent, apically inclined, conical nodule near the apex. Pedipalpal bulbs ( Fig. 21B–H). Bulb geniculate. Embolus sub-conical, gradually thinning from base to apex, strongly curved dorsally and retrolaterally. The embolus is also twisted counterclockwise (from base to apex) to the point that in the apex, the ventral structures of the bulb become prolateral. PS, PI, PSA and SP keels present. PS is moderately developed, smooth and extends from the embolus base to almost its apex. PI keel mostly smooth, with three apical denticles; it is fused with the PSA keel. PSA keel moderately developed. SP keels extend for about double the longitude from the bulb apex to the sperm pore; they are mostly folded onto each other (not completely fused), forming the sperm pore. Bulbal heel well developed. Legs I Holding Organ. Tibiae I with three apophyses near the apex ( Fig. 21I, J). Prolateral and retrolateral apophyses originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis conical, slightly bent prolaterally, and bearing an oval megaspine on its internal border. Retrolateral apophysis chevron-shaped, not dorsally curved, lacking an internal mound and with an obtuse tip. Accessory apophysis moderately developed, sub-rectangular, bearing four stout spines at its top and one simple spine in its inner side (right and left limbs). The moderately curved metatarsus I folds between prolateral and retrolateral apophyses. Metatarsi I with a patch of 15 (14 right) granules on its basal ventro-retrolateral region; lacking granules on basal ventro-prolateral region. Metatarsi I noticeably thin. GenBank accession number. COI: KP757257 View Materials . Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80% ethanol. Left pedipalpal bulb stored in a vial in the specimen jar; right bulb is apart, coated with gold. Right leg III preserved in 96% ethanol at −20 °C for molecular studies.

Male variation (n = 1) ( Figs 26G–I): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 7.5; carapace width: 6.5; carapace width/length: 0.87; sternum length: 3.8; sternum width: 3.4; sternum width/length: 0.88; labial cuspules: 28; maxillary cuspules: 109 and 112; spines on accessory tibial apophysis: 4; prolateral/retrolateral tibial apophysis: 0.33; accessory/retrolateral apophysis: 0.24; granules in the metatarsus I patch: 14 and 16. Qualitative features. Metatarsus I accessory apophysis moderately developed, amorphous, and bearing conical and stout spines.

G e n e t i c d i v e r s i t y. C O I: I n t r a -s p e c i f i c v a r i a - tion = 2.2% ( Fig. 2; Appendix S1). ITS1: Intra-specific variation = 0.2%.

Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina megagyna is only known from a single locality, at 1700 masl, in the north-western boundaries of the Sierra Madre del Sur ( Fig. 1; Table 1). The species lives under stones in an oak forest ( Fig. 5C), and both known males were collected in August.