Bonnetina

Bonnetina View in CoL ‘Sabino’ – Ortiz & Francke, 2016: figs. 1–5, 7.

Types (n = 12): Holotype. ♂ a ( CNAN-T1069 ex-4078C). MEXICO: Oaxaca State: Santa María Tecomavaca municipality: Cañón del Sabino : 17.8652°, –97.0303°: 610 masl. 23/XI/2012. Jorge Mendoza, A. Contreras and D. Ochoa, cols. Wandering at night in tropical deciduous forest . Allotype. ♀ ( CNAN-T1070 ex-4078B): same data as holotype . Paratypes. 2 ♂♂ a [ CNAN-T1074 ex- 4078A, ZMB (Arach)48723]: same data as holotype . 7 ♂♂ a ( CNAN-T1072 ex-3624A, CNAN-T1073 , SMF, MCZ-IZ23376 , MNHNP, AMNH, BMNH): same locality as holotype . 30/XI/2010. J. Mendoza, Emmanuel Goyer, Eddy Hijmensen and Stuart Longhorn, cols. 1 ♂. ( CNAN-T1071 ): same locality as holotype . 15/ IX/2007. J. Mendoza and Leopoldo Vázquez, cols.

Etymology: The specific name is a noun in apposition that means ‘spider’ in Mixtec, one of the most spoken indigenous languages in the state of Oaxaca.

Diagnosis: Morphology. Bonnetina tindoo belongs to a group of species with similar morphologies, which are separated from most congeners by the males having the pedipalpal bulbs geniculate, with the embolus short and strongly curved dorsally, and the females having domiform-low spermatheca. The males differ from those of B. flammigera and B. megagyna by having only simple or conical spines on top of the tibia I accessory apophysis (no stout spines present). They additionally differ from males of B. flammigera in that the tip of the retrolateral apophysis is flattish or rounded, not obtuse and in that the patellae are greyish, not covered by striking copper penny pubescence. Males differ from those of B. aviae and B. unam in that the sternum is sub-oval (clearly longer than wider), not sub-circular (approximately as wide as long). The single known female differs from those of B. alagoni , B. aviae , B. hobbit , B. juxtantricola and B. unam by having a sub-oval sternum, instead of sub-circular. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (10): 36 (C), 93 (C), 195 (G), 321 (T), 390 (C), 492 (G), 777 (C), 831 (T), 832 (C), 834 (T). COI p -distances to other species above 9%; intra-specific distances less than 2% (Appendices S1, S5).

Species delimitation methods: Integrative ( Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: morphology (only a posteriori characters), HG barcoding and PTP.

Description

Male holotype: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 4. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by some bright copper pubescence, which masks partially the black integument ( Fig. 11A). Femora black, with some bright copper hairs. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments with bright copper pubescence on dark grey background. Patellae longitudinal stripes distinct, bright copper coloured, on mostly light brown background. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, slightly recurved. Ocular mask present. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.22; length, 0.62. Clypeus width, 0.14. AME circular, diameter, 0.24; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.40; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.28; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.28. Sternum ( Fig. 22A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 0.96; anterior width, 0.84; posterior width, 1.52. Appendage segment lengths. Palp : femur, 4.7; patella, 2.9; tibia, 4.1; Total , 11.7. Leg I: femur, 6.8; patella, 4.0; tibia, 5.8; metatarsus, 4.4; tarsus, 2.9; Total , 23.9. Leg II: femur, 6.1; patella, 3.7; tibia, 4.5; metatarsus, 4.5; tarsus, 2.9; Total , 21.7. Leg III: femur, 5.5; patella, 3.2; tibia, 4.0; metatarsus, 4.9; tarsus, 3.0; Total , 20.6. Leg IV: femur, 7.2; patella, 3.5; tibia, 5.9; metatarsus, 6.9; tarsus, 3.1; Total , 26.6. Leg IV > I> II > III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp : femur p0-0-1; tibia v0-1-0. Leg I: femur p0-0-1; tibia p0-1-1 v3-4-1; metatarsus v0-0-1. Leg II: femur p0-0-1; patella v1 (2 in right leg); tibia p1-0-1 v4-3-5; metatarsus p0-1-0 v6-1-2. Leg III: femur p1-1-0 r1-0-1; patella v1; tibia p1-1-2 r1-0-1 v2-2-3; metatarsus p1-1-2 r0-1-1 v3-2-3. Leg IV: femur r0-0-1; tibia r1-2-1 v6-3-5; metatarsus p0-3-0 r0-1-1 v2-3-3. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II present. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, undetermined; on legs II, apical 1/2; on legs III, apical 1/3; on legs IV, apical 1/4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs II, divided by a 1–2 hairs-wide band of thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 2–4 hairs wide band of thick hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3–5 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal oval patch pointing backwards. Sexual features. Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with prominent, apically inclined, conical nodule near the apex. Pedipalpal bulbs ( Fig. 22B–H). Bulb geniculate. Embolus sub-conical, gradually thinning from base to apex, strongly curved dorsally and retrolaterally. The embolus is also twisted counterclockwise (from base to apex) to the point that in the apex, the ventral structures of the bulb become prolateral. PS, PI, PSA and SP keels present. PS is moderately developed, smooth and extends from the embolus base to almost its apex. PI keel mostly smooth, with four apical denticles; it is aligned, but not fused with the PSA keel. PSA keel strongly developed. SP keels extend only slightly to the embolus base after the sperm pore; they are mostly folded onto each other, forming the sperm pore. Bulbal heel well developed. Legs I Holding Organ. Tibiae I with three apophyses near the apex ( Fig. 22I, J). Prolateral and retrolateral apophyses originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis digitiform, rather straight to the tibial axis and bearing an oval megaspine on its internal border. Retrolateral apophysis chevron-shaped, not dorsally curved, lacking an internal mound and with a flattish tip. Accessory apophysis poorly developed but distinct, bearing three simple spines at its apex and a simple spine on the internal border (right and left limbs). The moderately curved metatarsus I folds between prolateral and retrolateral apophyses. Metatarsi I with a patch of 15 (17 right) granules on its basal ventro-retrolateral region, and one granule on basal ventro-prolateral region. Metatarsi I noticeably thin. GenBank accession numbers. COI: KP757188 View Materials . ITS1: KP757263 View Materials . Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80% ethanol. Left pedipalpal bulb stored in a vial in the specimen jar; right bulb is apart, coated with gold. Right leg III preserved in 96% ethanol at −20 °C for molecular studies .

Male variation (n = 10) ( Figs 26J–L): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 7.6–9.1; carapace width: 6.6– 7.9; carapace width/length: 0.83–0.91; sternum length: 3.6–4.4; sternum width: 3.1–3.9; sternum width/length: 0.81–0.92; labial cuspules: 29–42; maxillary cuspules: 80–113; spines on accessory tibial apophysis: 2–4; prolateral/retrolateral tibial apophysis: 0.41–0.64; accessory/retrolateral apophysis: 0.09–0.22; granules in the metatarsus I patch: 11–19; posterior sigillae to the sternum border: 1.0–2.5 diameter of sigilla. Qualitative features. Ocular tubercle markedly to extremely elevated. Ocular mask present or absent. Spine cluster in base of metatarsus II present or absent. Metatarsus I prolateral apophysis conical or digitiform; retrolateral apophysis tip, rounded or flat; accessory apophysis poorly developed, amorphous or crescent-shaped and bearing simple and/or conical spines.

Allotype female: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 4. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by scarce copper penny pubescence, on dark grey background ( Fig. 11B). Femora black, with scarce light copper hairs. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments light brown. Patellae longitudinal stripes inconspicuous, light brown coloured on light brown background. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears mostly thin hairs and a few erect thick hairs. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on extremely elevated tubercle (lateral eyes almost perpendicular to carapace); anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, slightly recurved. Ocular mask absent. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.46; length, 0.88. Clypeus width, 0.06. AME circular, diameter, 0.40; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.42; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.34; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.38. Sternum slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.26; anterior width, 1.17; posterior width, 2.30. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 5.8; patella, 3.8; tibia, 4.1; tarsus, 3.6; Total, 17.3. Leg I: femur, 7.2; patella, 4.9; tibia, 4.8; metatarsus, 4.3; tarsus, 2.9; Total, 24.1. Leg II: femur, 6.9; patella, 4.2; tibia, 4.6; metatarsus, 4.4; tarsus, 3.2; Total, 23.3. Leg III: femur, 5.9; patella, 4.0; tibia, 3.9; metatarsus, 5.4; tarsus, 3.3; Total, 22.5. Leg IV: femur, 8.2; patella, 4.8; tibia, 6.2; metatarsus, 7.3; tarsus, 4.2; Total, 30.7. Leg IV > I> II > III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p0-0-1 v0-2-2. Leg I: tibia v1-1-1; metatarsus v0-0-1. Leg II: femur p0-0-1; tibia p0-1-1 v1-1-1; metatarsus p0-1-0 v2-0-2. Leg III: tibia p1-0-1 r1-0-1 v1-3-4; metatarsus p1-1-2 r0-1-1 v3-2-4. Leg IV: femur r0-0-1; tibia r1-0-1 v2-3-2; metatarsus p0-1-1 r0-1-1 v1-2-4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except by basal-most region of the segment; on legs II, apical 3/4 prolaterally, apical 1/2 retrolaterally; on legs III, apical 1/2 prolaterally, apical 1/3 retrolaterally; on legs IV, apical 1/5. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 2–4 hairs wide band of thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3–5 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal subtriangular pointing backwards patch. Sexual features. Single domiform-low spermatheca ( Fig. 22K, L). It is strongly asymmetrical: fully sclerotized in ventral view, but dorsally only at the receptaculum. GenBank accession number. COI: KP757228 View Materials . Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80% ethanol. Left leg IV semi-broken at metatarsus level. Genital area is in a plastic vial inside the same jar as the specimen. Old right leg III preserved in 96% ethanol at −20 °C for molecular studies (leg regenerated).

Genetic diversity. COI: KP757226, KP757227, KP757229 ( Fig. 2; Appendix S1). Intra-specific variation <1.0%.

Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina tindoo is only known from Cañón del Sabino (Canyon of Sabino River), a tropical deciduous forest locality at 610 masl ( Fig. 5D), in the northern boundary of Sierra Madre del Sur ( Fig. 1; Table 1). The predicted distribution model of morphologically close B. aviae ( Fig. 3B; Appendix S2) indicates that the place is at least 17 km away from any B. aviae suitable areas. Only one female B. tindoo is known, and it was collected under a stone. Males have been found in mid-September, and very abundantly, in late November, wandering at night in the open. The species lives in sympatry with an unidentified species of tarantula of the genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 .