Hydroides crucigera Mörch, 1863

Hydroides crucigera Mörch, 1863 View in CoL

( Figures 3 View FIGURE 3 , 11 View FIGURE 11 C)

Hydroides (Eucarphus) crucigera Mörch, 1863: 378 View in CoL , pl. 11, Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 . Type locality: Punta Arenas, Pacific side of Costa Rica, on Margaritifera barbata (now Pinctada Röding sp.), 26 m.

Hydroides californicus Treadwell, 1929: 12 View in CoL (Baja California); Rioja 1941a: 161 –164 (La Aguada Beach, Acapulco, Guerrero, and Mazatlán, Sinaloa); Rioja 1941b: 733 (same); Salazar-Vallejo 1989b: 199 (Mexican coasts, checklist); Salazar-Vallejo & Londoño-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Hernández-Alcántara et al. 2008: 48 (mentioned only).

Hydroides crucigera View in CoL .— Monro 1933b: 1083, Text-figure 26 ( Taboga Island , Panamá, on pier floats) ; Rioja 1944: 409 –414 (synonymization of H. californicus View in CoL recorded in the Mexican Pacific and duplicity of operculum) ; Rioja 1947a: 215 ( La Paz, Baja California Sur, and Topolobampo, Sinaloa) ; Rioja 1958: 250 –251 ( Verde Island and Santiaguillo Island, Veracruz); Straughan 1969: 232 –234 (Pearl Harbor, Kaneohe Bay, Coconut Island and Maili Point, Oahu, Hawaii, samples from 1936 to 1968); Shepherd 1972: 5 ( La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur; epifauna on Pinctada mazatlanica [ Hanley ]); Long 1974: 28 ( Oahu , Hawaii, 9–36 m, with little coverage on test panels); Kudenov 1975: 228 ( Station Beach, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, bottom of basalt boulders); Bailey-Brock 1976: 77 –78 ( Oahu Island , Hawaii, reef flats, epifauna of mobile substrata [mollusks and crustaceans], boat harbors, lagoons and reef slope); Kudenov 1980: 122 (same as Kudenov 1975); Salazar-Vallejo & López-Muraira 1983: 111 (Bocachibampo Bay, Sonora; intertidal; epifauna of sea urchin Hesperocidaris asteriscus H.L. Clark View in CoL ); Laverde-Castillo 1986: 128 (Málaga Bay, Colombian Pacific); Bailey-Brock 1987: 420 ( Hawaii); Laverde-Castillo 1988: 91 ( Curichichi, Cabezón and Mayordomo Islands , Málaga Bay, Colombian Pacific, on dead coral and shells); Salazar-Vallejo 1989b: 199 ( Mexican coasts, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 1993: 35 ( Caimancito Beach and Balandra Beach, Baja California Sur); de León-González et al. 1993: 879 (Puerto Escondido Bay, Baja California Sur, epifauna on the oyster “ Spondylus princeps unicolor Sowerby ”; 30 m); Bastida-Zavala 1995: 24 ( Cabo Pulmo Reef, Baja California Sur, on coral; 4–17 m); Gómez et al. 1997: 1071 (Puerto Ángel Beach and La Entrega Beach, Oaxaca, rocks and coral); López-García et al. 1997: 66 ( Coiba, Panamá, under rocks, on dead coral and the octocoral Telesto riisei View in CoL [ Duchassaing & Michelotti]); Dean 2004: 165 (list of polychaetes from Costa Rica).

Hydroides crucigerus .— de León-González 1990: 336–337, Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 e–g ( Punta San Juanico , Baja California Sur; 30 m).

Hydroides cruciger View in CoL .—Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 78–80, Figs 5 View FIGURE 5 A–Q ( Baja California, Baja California Sur, Guerrero , Oaxaca , Panamá, Hawaii ; 0–8 m) ; Salazar-Vallejo & Londoño-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 23, fig. 6E ( Hawaii, Guerrero and Oaxaca; 0–4 m) ; Bastida-Zavala 2009: 534, Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 A (identification key for Tropical America); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 53 (worldwide serpulid checklist); Tovar- Hernández et al. 2009b: 330–331, Figs 3 View FIGURE 3 k, 6b-c, 7g-i (fouling in Mazatlán, Sinaloa); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2013: 349 ( Oaxaca, checklist); Villalobos-Guerrero et al. 2014: 107 ( Sinaloa, checklist).

Material examined. 45 specimens.

Sonora: UMAR-Poly 737, 2 spec. (Puerto Peñasco, June 15, 1981, coll. SSV & JAL).

Baja California: UMAR-Poly 738, 3 spec. ( La Gringa, Bahía de los Ángeles cobbles on sand, scarce corals and sponges, 29°N, 113°30’W, 2–3 m in low tide, August 13, 1989, coll. HTH).

Baja California Sur: UMAR-Poly 739, 3 spec. ( Punta San Juanico, January 28, 1988, coll. JAL, don. UANL 0359 View Materials ); UMAR-Poly 740, 4 spec. (Concepción Bay, Requesón Beach , May 15, 1988, coll. RBZ) ; UANL 7864 View Materials ( Puerto Escondido , scraping of pier, sta. 4: 25°48’52.9”N, 111°18’40.4”W, April 20, 2010, coll. JAL) GoogleMaps ; UANL 7867 (same, sta. 2: 25°48’53.1”N, 111°18’40.5”W, April 2, 2011, coll. JAL); UANL 7865, 3 spec. ( Marina Cantamar, Pichilingue, sta. 1: 24°16’42.7”N, 110°19’50.4”W, April 22, 2010, coll. JAL); UANL 7866, 2 spec. ( Marina Fonatur, La Paz , 24°07’29.7”N, 110°20’47.1”W, November 14. 2013); UMAR-Poly 741 ( La Paz Bay, Comitán Beach, October 18, 1989, coll. RBZ). GoogleMaps

Gulf of California: UMAR-Poly 742, 2 spec. (M-Serp-1, IM(N)?, no more data, coll. GGG).

Guerrero: UMAR-Poly 743 ( La Quebrada, Acapulco, on Muricanthus , May 25, 2000, coll. AM) . Oaxaca, UMAR-Poly 744 ( Chacahua Lagoon, on rock, April 3, 2008) ; UMAR-POLY 745, 5 spec. ( Corralero Lagoon and Panteón Beach, March 22–23 and May 15, 2010, coll. FAG, mixed samples); UMAR-Poly 746 ( Panteón Beach, Puerto Ángel, 10 m, November 23, 2005, coll. GRC); UMAR-POLY 747 ( Puerto Ángel, June 15, 2010, coll. JPQ & RRB); UMAR-POLY 748 ( Estacahuite Beach, Puerto Ángel, April 18, 2005, coll. Yareth & SGM); UMAR- POLY 749 ( Marina Chahué, Huatulco , on rocks, May 22, 2000, coll. RBZ); UMAR-POLY 750, 3 spec. (same, on mollusc, May 22, 2000, coll. RBZ); UMAR-Poly 751, 4 spec. ( Salina Cruz , angler pier, main dock, sta. 4, 1 m, May 26, 2011, coll. SGM et al.); UMAR-Poly 752 (same, hull of the shrimp boat “ Golfo Pérsico ”, 1 m, May 26, 2011, coll. EVP); UMAR-POLY 753 (“sample 85”, Oaxaca, 0–6 m, September 15, 2004) .

Panamá: UMAR-Poly 754, 3 spec. (Diablo Spinning Club, Balboa, June 5, 2002, coll. SSV).

Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal ( 36 m, Long 1974). On mollusks, rocks and on anthropogenic substrates in marinas and ports from Pichilingue, La Paz and Puerto Escondido, Baja California Sur, and Chahué and Salina Cruz , Oaxaca. Also on the oyster “ Spondylus princeps unicolor ” (de León-González et al. 1993) , on dead coral Pocillopora and in rock pools, with salinity range of 19–37 PSU (Bastida-Zavala 2008). Fouling species.

Distribution. Tropical Eastern Pacific. From Gulf of California ( México) to Málaga Bay ( Colombia); also in Veracruz ( Rioja 1958: 251) and Hawaii (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003).

Remarks. Hydroides crucigera was found both on natural and anthropogenic substrates. The species probably is exotic in Hawaii; Straughan (1969) recorded samples from 1936 to 1968; later, Long (1974) recorded the species from Oahu, collected from 1968 to 1972, and Bailey-Brock (1976) recorded the species from several localities, from reef flats to reef slopes in Hawaii. It is a fouling species with potential to be introduced to other tropical regions by ships.

Rioja (1958: 250–251) recorded Hydroides crucigera (as H. californicus ) from two reef islands of Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico; unfortunately his collection was lost.

Nonato & Luna (1970: 99–100, Fig. 106) recorded a specimen as Hydroides californicus from Alagoas coast, Brazil, to 100 m depth; however, the specimen could not be synonymized with H. crucigera because their illustration represents an opercular funnel with 24 bluntly tipped radii, while H. crucigera has 30–50 radii with pointed tips ( Fig. 11 View FIGURE 11 C). Also, the lateral spinules are represented as very small, almost triangular, while H. crucigera shows long lateral spinules ( Fig. 11 View FIGURE 11 C). By the number of radii and general shape of the spines Nonato & Luna’s material is similar to Hydroides sp. 1 Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove (2002), from the Caribbean, except for the number of lateral spinules, 2–4 pairs in Hydroides sp. 1 and only one pair in the specimen from Brazil.