Taeniogonalos fasciata ( Strand, 1913 )

Taeniogonalos fasciata ( Strand, 1913)

Deung-ppal-gan-gal-go-ri-beol (Fig. 1A - D)

Poecilogonalos fasciata Strand, 1913: 97 , ♀ (holotype), ♂ (paratype), Taiwan: Taihorn and other localities [Senckenberg Deutsche Entomologische Institut, Müncheberg, Germany].

Nanogonalos magnifica Teranishi, 1929: 144 (in key), 147, ♂ (holotype, not ♀ as in original description), North Korea: “Mt. Gongo” (Geumgangsan) [Osaka Museum of Natural History, Japan]; Weinstein and Austin, 1991: 421. Combined to Poecilogonalos by Marshkov (1981), and re-combined to Taeniogonalos and synonymized with Taeniogonalos fasciata by Carmean and Kimsey (1998).

Poecilogonalos magnifica : Marshakov, 1981: 105 (new combination); Tsuneki, 1991: 46 (in key), 50 (type examined); Lelej 1995: 14 (incl. Korea in distribution).

Taeniogonalos fasciata : Carmean and Kimsey, 1998: 67 (new combination); Lelej, 2003: 5 (incl. Korea in Distribution); Chen et al., 2014: 117 View Cited Treatment (incl. Korea in distribution); Watanabe and Yamane, 2017: 12 (incl. Korea in distribution); Tan et al., 2017: 53 View Cited Treatment (incl. Korea in Distribution).

Diagnosis. Taeniogonalos fasciata is readily distinguished by the more or less extended reddish coloration of the thorax. As far as known, any Korean specimen with red or dark reddish marks on the thorax belongs to this species. The coloration can be reduced to almost nothing in some rare cases, especially on minute males. In this case the reduced number of tyloids to F9 - 13 will confirm the identification.

Description. Female. Body length 3.6 - 12.7 mm, forewing length 5.1 - 11.3 mm.

Head. SAEs yellow, with broad translucent apical lamella; in dorsal view, DSAE 0.33× as long as distance between eyes at level of SAE. Occipital carina narrow in its entire length. Frons punctate-reticulate; mandible, vertex, temple, and gena anteriorly densely punctate, but vertex submedially more sparsely punctate; clypeus feebly punctate; gena posteriorly and occiput shiny, with setigerous tiny sparse punctures; areas anterior to anterior ocellus and lateral to posterior ocelli smooth.

Mesosoma. Notauli usually fine, narrow, without bottom keel (but a minority of specimens with several bottom keels in its apical half). Mesoscutum and scutellar disc irregularly reticulate (partially forming sinuous longitudinal ridges); pronotal side longitudinally ridged, ridges more or less sinuous; dorsal mesopleuron irregularly reticulate except posterior lower half; ventral mesopleuron densely punctate-longitudinally ridged; metapleuron densely punctate; scutellar trough smooth, with several longitudinal ridges; propodeal dorsum densely punctate to punctate-reticulate, often with oblique ridges in its basal half; propodeal side longitudinally ridged in its anterior half, and punctate-reticulate or irregularly reticulate posteriorly.

Metasoma. T1 0.6 × as broad as T2, often with shallow median longitudinal depression in its basal three-fourths. S1 1.2 × as broad as long. S2 almost evenly convex in profile, slightly more beveled apicomedially. T1 largely smooth with punctures laterally; T2 densely punctate, appearing to be punctate-reticulate, but getting sparser centrally; T3 - 6 punctate-reticulate; S1 - 2 moderately punctate, punctures not contiguous, spaced by 1PD or slightly less than; S3 - 5 punctate-reticulate.

Coloration. Body extensively colored in a majority of specimens. Following parts/markings pale to dark reddish: pronotum except for anterior neck (pale yellow), mesoscutum. scutellum, metanotum except anterior and lateral margins, upper two-thirds to three-fourths of mesopleuron and metapleuron, and larger lateral portions of propodeal dorsum (sometimes reduced and tinged with yellow). Following parts creamy to pale yellow: SAE except semi-transparent apical rim, clypeus except margin, mandible except apical teeth, antennal scape ventrally, thickened stripes of lower frons along inner orbits, genal stripes along outer orbits, posterior margin of vertex (forming a pair of transverse bands or a transverse band anteriorly with two pairs of longitudinal stripes extended to ocellar region), neck of pronotum, margin of metanotal disc, inner faces of all coxae, all trochanter, and all trochantellus, basal and apical parts of all femora. Following parts/markings pale yellow to yellow: fore femur (except basal and apical creamy yellow), all tibiae, fore tarsomeres, apical bands of T1 - 2 (that of T 1 in apical one-third of T, that of T 2 in apical half except anterior median v-notch), apical band of S1 (almost as thick as that on T1). Pronotal dorsum and tegula brownish yellow. Scape dorsally, pedicel, and antennal flagellomeres (darkened in apical segments) reddish yellow. Spots anterolateral to anterior ocellus and propleuron rufous.

In a minority of specimens, SAE black and other maculation of head reduced in size; mesosomal reddish coloration also reduced to confine mesoscutum.

Male. Much as in female except usual sexual dimorphic structures. Body length 6.1 - 11.2 mm, forewing length 5.3 - 9.5 mm. Antennae with tyloids as mentioned in the key. S2 flattened apicomedailly.

Biology. Taeniogonalos fasciata is the most commonly encountered Taeniogonalos in Korea and the most noticeable at first sight due to its bright red coloration. It flies all around the year from mid-May to late October. In open forest or semi-shaded areas, one can observe the females laying eggs near the ground on any sort of low plants they encounter, obviously without choosing them. On cloudy days, the females are more likely to be seen in the open area, ovipositing on forest edges, low trees, and even in vegetable gardens. The males seem to exhibit a territorial behavior, on sunny days flying higher and more vigorously around the trees, resting for only a few seconds in the sunny spots on the vegetation.

Both males and females of this species is variable in size, which indicates a probable great range of hosts. The smaller specimens are likely to have emerged from Tachinids pupae, and the larger from Ichneumonids.

Despite this abundance, the published host records are very scarce: T. fasciata was recorded in Japan from the Tachinid fly Sturnia bella (Meigen) emerging from Parantica sita (Moore) (Hirai and Ishi, 1995) .

Material examined (Over 350 specimens from all parts of South Korea, including the following). South Korea ·[SL] ♀, Heoninleung , Gangnam-gu, 30 x 1984 ( YG Min) ; ♀, Mt. Umyeonsan , 4 x 1988 ( YS Lee) ; 2♀♀, Mt. Daemosan , Seocho-gu, 29 vi 1990 ( JY Han) ; ♀, Cheonggye , Seocho-gu, 30 vi 1990 (SD Kim) ; ♀, Uidong , Dobong-gu, 1 vi 1996 (IH Im) ; ♀, Mt. Bukhansan , Dobong-gu, 13 viii 1996 ( EG An) ; ♀, Mt. Bulamsan , Nowon-gu, 9 vi 1999 (K Cho) [ GG] ♀, Aengmubong , Yangju-si, 12 viii 1977 (BG Jeong) ; ♂, Mt. Chukryeongsan , Sudong-myeon, Namyangju-si, 28 ix 1980 ( HG Park) ; ♀, Mt. Baekunsan , Pocheon-si, 6 viii 1984 ( TY Moon) ; ♂, Mt. Soyosan , Pocheon-si, 12 vi 1988 ( JH Jeong) ; ♀, Mt. Myeongjisan , Gapyeong-gun, 25 vi 1991 ( JH Kim) ; ♀, Namhansanseong , Gwangju-si, 31 viii 1991 (SR Yoon) ; ♀, Anyang-si , 25 v 1992 ( OSR) ; ♂, Mt. Myeongjisan , Gapyeong-gun, 23 viii 1996 ( CH Lee) ; ♀, Seooleung , Goyang-si, 27 v 1988 (YH Gang) ; ♀, Mt. Jeongbalsan , Ilsan-gu, Goyang-si, 25 ix 1999 (WS Kang) [ IC] ♀, Mt. Hobongsan , Buk-gu, 25 ix 1994 ( JY Yoon) ; ♀, Jeongsusa , Mt. Manisan, Ganghwa-gun, 10 ix 1995 ( HS Won) ; ♀, Is. Muui, Muui-dong , Junggu (37°23 ʹ 46.09 ʺ N 126°24 ʹ 36.38 ʺ E), 22 vi - 6 vii 2017 (Malaise trap) (J-K Kim) [GW] GoogleMaps ♀, Cheoeunsa-Sipjabong , Kyirae-myeon, Wonju-si, 15 vi 1997 (D-J Cha et al.) ; ♀, same locality, 18 viii 1997 (HY Han et al.) ; ♂, Hwachon , Maeji-ri, Wonju-si, 21 vii 1997 (HW Byun & DS Choi) ; ♀, same locality, 12 vi 1998 (HY Han & SK Kim) ; ♂, Yongsugol , Seogok-ri , Panbu-myeon, Wonju-si, 7 vii 1998 (DS Choi & DE Kim) ; ♂, Mt. Mindungsan , Nam-myeon, Jeongseon-gun, 29 viii 2008 (SW Suk et al.) ; ♀, Mt. Dohwasan , Dogye-eup, Samcheok-gun, 6 vi 2003 (DS Choi et al.) ; ♀, Inje-gun , viii 2004 ( JK Kim) ; ♂, Mt. Gachilbong , Nae-myeon, Hongcheon-gun, 7 vii 2007 (HS Lee & YB Lee) ; ♀, Yonsei Univ. Campus , Maeji-ri , Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si, 6 vii 1999 ( MK Choi) ; ♀, same locality, 6 ix 1999 ( CH Park) ; ♀, same locality, 17 ix 1999 (WS Kang) ; ♀, same locality, 13 ix 2002 (HS Lee & MH Lim) ; ♀, same locality, 14 ix 2003 ( OY Lim) ; ♀, same locality, 19 viii 2007 ( HS Lee) ; ♀, same locality, 9 vii 2008 (JS Lim et al.) ; ♀, same locality, 9 viii 2008 (D-J Cha) ; ♀, Samhwa-ri , Hanam-myeon, Hwacheon-gun (38°3 ʹ 35.76 ʺ N 127°43 ʹ 46.53 ʺ E), 30 v - 12 vi 2018 (Malaise trap) ( SW Yang) [ CB] GoogleMaps ♂, Danyang , 8 vii 1981 ( SM Ryu) ; ♀, Jeolgol , Songgye-ri, Jecheon-si, 29 vi 1997 (HW Byun & DS Choi) ; ♀, Mt. Sobaeksan , Sunheung-myeon, Yeongju-si, 27 vii 2001 (DS Choi et al.) [ DJ] ♀, Yongeun-dong , 17 v 1995 ( US Eom) ; ♀, Mt. Sikjangsan , 25 viii 1996 ( MH Sim). [ CN] ♀, Chwipyeong-ri , Buseok-myeon, Seosan-si, 19 vi 2007 (SB Ha) ; ♀, Jugok-ri , Gyeryong-myeon, Gongju-si, 8 ix 2007 ( JK Kim) ; ♀, Hanseo University , Haemi-myeon, Seosan-si, 24 vi 2010 (EA Kim) ; ♀, Seongju-ri , Seongju-myeon, Boryeong-si, 13 ix 2013 (OC Kwon) ; ♀, Jangseung-ri , Cheongyang-gun, 22 vi 2014 (OC Kwon) ; 2♀♀, National Institute of Ecology , Maseo-myeon, Seocheon-gun (36°01 ʹ 47.21 ʺ N 126°43 ʹ 36.027 ʺ E), 16 vi - 5 vii 2017 (Malaise trap) (OC Kwon) GoogleMaps ; ♀, Songnae-ri , Maseo-myeon, Seocheon-gun (36°01 ʹ 47.19 ʺ N 126°43 ʹ 35.77 ʺ E), 8 - 22 viii 2018 (Malaise trap) (OC Kwon) GoogleMaps ; ♀, same locality, 7 ix 2020 - 14 ix (Malaise trap) (OC Kwon) [GB] GoogleMaps ♂, Daehyeon-ri , Seokpo-myeon, Bonghwa-gun, 24 vii 1986 ( GS Jang) ; ♂, Huibangsa , Mt. Sobaeksan. Yongju-si, 29 vii 1988 ( KHK) ; ♀, Yeongnam Univ. Campus , Gyeongsan-si, 25 vi 1994 ( MH Nam) ; ♀, ♂, Mt. Baekamsan , Uljin-gun, 20 vi - 12 vii 1999 (DS Gu) ; ♀, Sogwang-ri , Seo-myeon, Uljin-gun, 2 - 6 viii 1999 ( JK Kim) ; ♀, Dangu-ri , Gangdong-myeon, Gyeongju-si (36°09 ʹ 489.06 ʺ N 126°16 ʹ 16.25 ʺ E), 9 - 25 v 2017 (Malaise trap) (OC Kwon) [ DG] ♀, Mt. Apsan , 19 vi 1992 (YH Kim) ; ♀, Mt. Palgongsan , 245 vi 1994 (HY Park) [ GN] ♂, Mt. Geomosan , Gyoryong-ri, Hadong-gun, 11 vii 1999 ( HG Ju) [ JB] 5♂♂, Sinjeong-dong , Jeongeup-si, 15 vi 2004 ( JK Choi) ; ♀, Naejang-dong , Jeongeup-si, 20 vii 2004 (KB Kim) [JN] ♀, Daechi , Mt. Jeamsan, Boseong-gun, 8 x 1999 ( JK Kim) ; 2♀♀, Wolgok-ri , Gunseo-myeon, Yeongam-gun, 18 ix 2010 ( JK Kim) ; ♀, Ssangung-ri , Bukha-myeon, Jangseong-gun, 4 vii 2013 ( JK Kim) ; ♀, Mt. Bongjangsan , Jukcheong-ri , Bugi-myeon, Jangseong-gun, 22 ix 2013 (OC Kwon) ; ♀, Docheon-ri , Gundong-myeon, Gangjin-gun (34°37 ʹ 12.43 ʺ N 126°50 ʹ 09.94 ʺ E), 19 vi - 3 vii 2017 (Malaise trap) (OC Kwon) GoogleMaps ; ♀, Seokhyeon-dong , Suncheon-si (34°58 ʹ 47.01 ʺ N 127°27 ʹ 40.56 ʺ E), 20 vi - 3 vii 2017 (Malaise trap) (OC Kwon) GoogleMaps ; 2♀♀, Gabong-ri , Chunyang-myeon, Hwasun-gun (34°55 ʹ 47.64 ʺ N 126°57 ʹ 49.37 ʺ E), 19 vi - 3 vii 2017 (Malaise trap) (OC Kwon) GoogleMaps .

Distribution. Korea (SL, GG, GW, CB, CN, DJ, GB, DG, GN, JB, JN), China (Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Taiwan, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan), Russia (Primorskii Krai), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu). Also reported from Iran, Malaysia and Indonesia ( Carmean and Kimsey, 1998), but the occurrence in these countries needs reconfirma- tion ( Chen et al., 2014).

Remarks. An extensive coloration of head and mesosoma (Fig. 1A - C) is usual in the majority of the Korean specimens, but it can be much reduced, as follows: pronotum, median part of scutellum, metanotum, propodeum, and lateral part of mesosoma not colored, and facial markings also much reduced (at most lateral smaller areas of clypeus, median parts of mandible and lower inner orbits yellow). However, we did not find any struc- tural difference between those color forms, so we consider them to be in the range of the color variations for this species. The range of variation in size is also very great, as also observed in the Chinese material ( Chen et al., 2014). In the extreme case of specimens being less than 4.0 mm long, both temple and gena are largely smooth, and the body maculation is pale yellowish.