Portschinskia, SEMENOV, 1902

GENUS PORTSCHINSKIA SEMENOV, 1902 View in CoL

Microcephalus Schnabl, 1877: 49 View in CoL . Type species: Microcephalus loewii Schnabl, 1877 , by monotypy. Junior homonym of Microcephalus Dejean, 1828 View in CoL ( Coleoptera View in CoL : Carabidae View in CoL ) and Microcephalus Lesson, 1831 View in CoL (Reptilia: Serpentes).

Portschinskia Semenov, 1902: 52 View in CoL . New replacement name for Microcephalus Schnabl, 1877 View in CoL . Type species: Microcephalus loewii Schnabl, 1877 (automatic).

Schnablia Bezzi, 1906: 50 View in CoL . New replacement name for Microcephalus Schnabl, 1877 View in CoL . Type species: Microcephalus loewii Schnabl, 1877 (automatic).

Microcephalopsis Townsend, 1918: 153 View in CoL . Type species: Microcephalus neugebaueri Portschinsky, 1881 , by original designation.

Portchinskia: Townsend (1918: 153), Pavlovsky (1925: 402); incorrect subsequent spelling of Portschinskia Semenov, 1902 View in CoL .

Portschinskia View in CoL : Brunetti (1923: 404); Townsend (1939); Grunin (1965: 47); Zumpt (1965: 189); Pont (1973: 700); Papavero (1977: 22); Minář et al. (1985); Soós & Minář (1986: 245); Wood (1987: 107); Rietschel & Rietschel, (1987); Padmanaban et al. (1990); Pape, (2001, 2006); Colwell et al. (2006: 5); Wood (2006); Zhang et al. (2012); Yang & Zhang (2014); Pape et al. (2017); Wang et al. (2016).

Diagnosis: Large and robust flies with body length 17–23 mm, greatly resembling bumblebees ( Figs 1–4 View Figure 1 View Figure 2 View Figure 3 View Figure 4 ). Head ( Figs 5–8 View Figure 5 View Figure 6 View Figure 7 View Figure 8 ) proportionately small, ~1/2–2/3 as broad as thorax; triangular in anterior view. Compound eye bare; ocellar triangle elevated. Facial plate ( Fig. 6 View Figure 6 ) long and narrow, gradually tapered and convex, lanceolate. Facial ridge with yellow, dark brown or black setae; most setae directed lateroventrally, but some of the median setae may be directed medially. Parafacial plate narrow, bare; genal groove enlarged, scabrous or wrinkled. Antenna with short and broad scape; pedicel enlarged and encapsulating postpedicel, with antennal arista extending from within the pedicellar capsule. Mouthparts rudimentary. Scutum ( Figs 1 View Figure 1 , 2 View Figure 2 ) densely covered with long and soft hair-like setae, black or yellow or both. Postpronotal lobe swollen. Notopleuron not clearly demarcated. Wing ( Figs 9 View Figure 9 , 10 View Figure 10 ) with base showing a convex costal margin, cell r 4 + 5 narrowly open or closed with a short petiole. Upper calypter small; lower calypter large, broad and rounded posteriorly. Legs ( Figs 11 View Figure 11 , 12 View Figure 12 ) with femora swollen at base; hind coxa setose posteriorly; hind tibia with median swelling. Abdomen ( Figs 1–4 View Figure 1 View Figure 2 View Figure 3 View Figure 4 ) broadly ovate, densely covered with soft, hair-like setae forming various colour patterns. Male cerci fused into one part, basally with a deep concavity, and gradually tapered into a sharp tip ( Fig. 13 View Figure 13 ); basal part of cerci either extremely and abruptly swollen, forming a heartshaped structure ( Fig. 13A–C, E, F View Figure 13 ), or reduced, forming a V-shaped structure ( Fig. 13D View Figure 13 ); surstylus with rounded apex; distiphallic dorsolateral processes largely fused to phallic tube, with free tips; epiphallus short; pregonite long and narrow; postgonite broad, abruptly narrowed apically, forming a sharp hook. Female terminalia short and non-telescopic; segments 7 and 8 broader than long; tergite 10/epiproct gradually tapered; hypoproct reduced; cercus globular, without free prolongation.

Distribution: The genus is found in the Alps ( Italy), across Central Asia ( Afghanistan and Mongolia) and into South Asia ( India and Myanmar) and East Asia: Russia (western Siberia, eastern Siberia and the Far East) and China (Beijing, Hebei, Qinghai, Shanxi, Yunnan and Xizang).

Biology: Verified details exist only for P. magnifica , which has an adult life of 3–5 days, and a larval period of 2 months living in subcutaneous cysts of Apodemus peninsulae . Mature larvae leave the cysts and hibernate as pupae in soil ( Grunin, 1965).

1

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1 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 2? 2? 2?

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4 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 2? 2? 2?

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9 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0? 0? 0?

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8 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0? 0? 1?

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7 0 1 2 0 1?? 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1

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6 0 1 2 0 1?? 2 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0

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5 0 1 0 0 1?? 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

1

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4 0 1 1 0 1?? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 - 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 9 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 7 0 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

1

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5 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 characters 3 1 2 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 ???????? 1? 1 0 1? 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 1? 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 42 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1

the 9 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 & 0 1 1 1 0 0 all 8 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 including 6 4 5 7 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2,

species

3 2 1 1 2 0 2 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 Portschinskia 1 7 8 5 0 6 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 of 4? 0 0 0 1 0 1 1? 0 1? 0? 1? matrix 2 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1? 1? 1? 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 data 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Morphological portschinskyi intestinalis

bovis

silenus bombiformis

. Table

.

2

Species Sarcophaga Gasterophilus Hypoderma ovis Oestrus Przhevalskiana Portschinskia . burmensis P gigas P. himalayana P.. loewii P P magnifica . P. neugebaueri P. przewalskyi sichuanensis . P xizangensis . P P yunnanensis .