Iguanodectinae, Eigenmann, 1909

Node 188: Iguanodectinae (100 / 100 / 100 / 57)

Genera Iguanodectes and Piabucus .

The monophyly of the Iguanodectinae was proposed by Vari (1977), based in three characters of the gas-bladder; several new synapomorphies are added in this paper, although some of them could correspond to inner nodes within this subfamily. The monophyly of the Iguanodectinae was corroborated by Moreira (2002), who also studied the composition and internal relationships of this clade.

Synapomorphies:

1. Ventral extent of third infraorbital (64): (1> 0)reaching horizontal arm of preopercle. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 180. Paralleled in the Heterocharacinae , in nodes 184, 198, 225, and 302, and in Agoniates anchovia , Brycon pesu , Hasemania nana , Markiana nigripinnis , Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae , Pseudochalceus kyburzi , Roeboexodon geryi , and Stichonodon insignis . Some trees: Reversed in node 292.

2. Lateral coverage of dilator fossa by sixth infraorbital (69): (0> 1) leaving a conspicuous naked area in anterior region of dilator fossa. Paralleled in the Iguanodetinae, in node 197, and in Charax stenopterus , Hoplocharax goethei , Phenacogaster tegatus , and Psellogrammus kennedyi .

3. Laterosensory canal of sixth infraorbital (76): (1> 0) not branched. Paralleled in node 203 and in Charax stenopterus , Cyphocharax stellatus , Micralestes stormsi , and Phenacogaster tegatus .

4. Posterior extent of maxilla (99): (1> 0) not reaching second infraorbital.

5. Medial process of dentary bordering Meckelian cartilage dorsally and medially (115): (0> 1) present.

6. Posterior extent of ventral process of quadrate (151): (0> 1) falling short of posterior margin of symplectic. Paralleled in the Hyphessobrycon luetkenii clade, in nodes 284, 289, and 298, and in Astyanax mexicanus , A. cf. rutilus , Aulixidens eugeniae , Cyphocharax spilotus , Diapoma speculiferum , Hemiodus cf. thayeria , Metynnis maculatus , Micralestes stormsi , Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae , Nematocharax venustus , Probolodus heterostomus , Psellogrammus kennedyi , and Pseudocorynopoma doriae . Some trees: Paralleled in node 302.

7. Longitudinal ridge in quadrate bordering adductor mandibulae muscle ventrally and, to some degree, laterally (152): (0> 1) present. Paralleled in nodes 209 and 252.

8. Articulation between quadrate and anguloarticular (153): (1> 0) anterior to or at vertical through lateral ethmoid. Paralleled in nodes 166 and 183.

9. Dorsal process of ectopterygoid oriented towards lateral ethmoid (158): (0> 1) present.

10. Shape of metapterygoid-quadrate fenestra (167): (0> 1) anteriorly collapsed by convergence of metapterygoid and ventral region of quadrate.

11. Rows of gill rakers on first ceratobranchial (192): (0> 1) two. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 179. Paralleled in node 280 and in Brycon orbignyanus , Bryconaethiops macrops , Carlana eigenmanni , Cheirodon interruptus , Hoplocharax goethei , Hyphessobrycon elachys , Odontostilbe microcephala , Parecbasis cyclolepis , Prodontocharax melanotus , and Rhaphiodon vulpinus . Some trees: Paralleled in node 249 and in Attonitus ephimeros .

12. Shape of dentigerous plate of fifth ceratobranchial (204): (1> 0) rounded, with posterior notch. Paralleled in node 252 and in Axelrodia lindeae .

13. Supraneural anterior to neural spine of fourth vertebra (279): (1> 0) absent or small. Reversal of synapomorphy 7 of node 180. Paralleled in node 204 and in Micralestes stormsi .

14. Number of anal pterygiophores anterior to first haemal spine (293): (0> 1) four or more. Paralleled in in node 214 and in Cynopotamus argenteus and Gymnocorymbus ternetzi .

15. Radii on scales (320): (1> 0) absent or reduced in number. Paralleled in the Serrasalminae , in node 174, and in Cyphocharax spilotus , Distichodus maculatus , Markiana nigripinnis , and Phenagoniates macrolepis .

16. Longitudinal position of insertion of adductor mandibulae tendon on dentary (330): (0> 1) on vertical through middle or anterior half of Meckelian cartilage. Paralleled in nodes 184, 186, 209, 241, 261, and 270 and in Engraulisoma taeniatum and Gymnocharacinus bergii .

17. Insertion of adductor mandibulae tendon on dentary (331): (0> 2) on a medial process of the dentary.

18. Posterior attachment of section A1 from adductor mandibulae (332): (0> 1) restricted or almost restricted to horizontal arm of preopercle. Paralleled in node 211 and in Agoniates anchovia , Aphyodite grammica , and Pyrrhulina australis .

19. Ventral union of gill membranes (349): (0> 1) joined along length of isthmus but not attached to isthmus. Paralleled in node 162 and in Thoracocharax stellatus .