Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1850)

Autapomorphies of Brycon orbignyanus View in CoL :

1. Rhinosphenoid (47): (1> 0) absent. Reversal of synapomorphy 2 of the Characidae . Paralleled in nodes 207, 260, 280, and 298 and in Aphyocharax nattereri , Attonitus ephimeros , Bryconamericus scleroparius , Hollandichthys multifasciatus , Pseudocorynopoma doriae , and Salminus brasiliensis .

2. Cusps of teeth on outer premaxillary row (125): (0> 1) five or more cusps. Paralleled in nodes 265 and 294 and in Bryconops melanurus , Gymnocharacinus bergii , Micralestes stormsi , and Nematocharax venustus . Some trees: Paralleled in Bryconamericus agna .

3. Number of teeth in inner premaxillary row (130): (0> 1) eight or more. Paralleled in the Aphyoditeinae , in node 170, and in Grundulus cochae , Phenacogaster tegatus , Prionobrama paraguayensis , and Salminus brasiliensis .

4. Number of cusps of anterior maxillary teeth (139): (0> 1) five or more cusps. Paralleled in the Rhoadsiinae , in nodes 273, 283, and 294, and in Bramocharax bransfordii , Gymnocharacinus bergii , Hemibrycon dariensis , Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis , and Odontostoechus lethostigmus . Some trees: Paralleled in node 246.

5. Ventral margin of anterior ceratohyal (179): (0> 1) with notches for articulation of branchiostegal rays. Paralleled in nodes 167 and 189 and in Micralestes stormsi and Salminus brasiliensis .

6. Rows of gill rakers on first ceratobranchial (192): (0> 1) two. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 179. Paralleled in the Iguanodectinae , in node 280, and in Bryconaethiops macrops , Carlana eigenmanni , Cheirodon interruptus , Hoplocharax goethei , Hyphessobrycon elachys , Odontostilbe microcephala , Parecbasis cyclolepis , Prodontocharax melanotus , and Rhaphiodon vulpinus . Some trees: Paralleled in node 249 and in Attonitus ephimeros .

7. Rows of gill rakers on second ceratobranchial (193): (0> 1) two. Paralleled in nodes 210, 225, 276, and 297 and in Hoplocharax goethei , Hyphessobrycon elachys , and Rhaphiodon vulpinus .

8. Humeral spot (341): (0> 1) horizontally-ovate. Paralleled in node 259 and in Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro , Jupiaba mucronata , and Roeboides microlepis .

Some trees:

9. Length of supraoccipital spine (53): (1> 0) extends posteriorly to, at least, middle length of neural complex of Weberian apparatus. (k11-14). Paralleled in the Serrasalmidae , in nodes 182 and 205, and in Piabucus melanostomus and Prochilodus lineatus . Some trees: Paralleled in Brycon meeki .

10. Coracoid foramen (243): (1> 0) absent or reduced to small pore. (k11-14).Reversalofsynapomorphy4ofnode179.Paralleledinnode 205 and in Salminus brasiliensis . Some trees: Paralleled in node302.

11. Dorsal-fin rays articulating with first dorsal pterygiophore (266): (0> 1) three or four. (k9-10). Paralleled in nodes 203 and 276 and in Metynnis maculatus and Salminus brasiliensis .

12. Anterior extension of adductor arcus palatini (336): (1> 0) covering most of dorsal surface of mesopterygoid. (k9-10). Paralleled in node 166 and in Creagrutus anary , Markiana nigripinnis , and Salminus brasiliensis .