Gymnocharacinus bergii, Steindachner, 1903

Autapomorphies of Gymnocharacinus bergii View in CoL :

1. Position of sphenotic spine relative to the orbit (12): (0> 1) distinctly posterior to orbital margin. Paralleled in nodes 193 and 299 and in Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro , Attonitus ephimeros , and Cynopotamus argenteus .

2. Bony lamellae bordering laterosensory canal of first infraorbital (58): (0> 1) absent. Paralleled in node 208.

3. Premaxillary, maxillary, and dentary teeth (119): (0> 1) pedunculate and uniformly shaped. Paralleled in node 232 and in Odontostoechus lethostigmus .

4. Cusps of teeth on outer premaxillary row (125): (0> 1) five or more cusps. Paralleled in nodes 265 and 294 and in Brycon orbignyanus , Bryconops melanurus , Micralestes stormsi , and Nematocharax venustus . Some trees: Paralleled in Bryconamericus agna .

5. Number of cusps of anterior maxillary teeth (139): (0> 1) five or more cusps. Paralleled in the Rhoadsiinae , in nodes 273, 283, and 294, and in Bramocharax bransfordii , Brycon orbignyanus , Hemibrycon dariensis , Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis , and Odontostoechus lethostigmus . Some trees: Paralleled in node 246.

6. Relative length of palatine (172): (1> 0) approximately onehalf length of ectopterygoid, or less. Reversal of synapomorphy 4 of node 197. Paralleled in node 255 and in Acrobrycon tarijae , Aphyocharax nattereri , Parecbasis cyclolepis , and Piabina argentea .

7. Bonylamelladorsaltofourthbasibranchial (185): (0> 1) absent. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 203. Paralleled in node 296 and in Axelrodia lindeae , Hollandichthys multifasciatus , Mimagoniates rheocharis , Nematocharax venustus , Paracheirodon axelrodi , and Prodontocharax melanotus .

8. Relative number of precaudal vertebrae (226): (1> 0) exceeding caudal vertebrae in two or more elements. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of Characoidea . Paralleled in Brycinus carolinae and Chalceus macrolepidotus .

9. Articulation between ventral process of mesocoracoid and dorsal margin of scapula (245): (0> 1) present and broad. Paralleled in node 252.

10. Form of third postcleithrum (250): (1> 0) slender, without associated lamella. Reversal of synapomorphy 6 of node 204. Paralleled in node 242 and in Pseudochalceus kyburzi and Rhoadsia altipinna .

11. Dorsal development of third postcleithrum (251): (0> 1) not projects dorsally to posterior region of scapula. Paralleled in node 192 and in Agoniates anchovia .

12. Position of last supraneural (283): (0> 1) located more than two vertebrae in front of first dorsal pterygiophore. Paralleled in nodes 174 and 244 and in Engraulisoma taeniatum and Xenagoniates bondi .

13. Longitudinal position of insertion of adductor mandibulae tendon on dentary (330): (0> 1) on vertical through middle or anterior half of Meckelian cartilage. Paralleled in the Iguanodectinae , in nodes 184, 186, 209, 241, 261, and 270, and in Engraulisoma taeniatum and Gymnocharacinus bergii .