Cephalops Fallén, 1810

Genus Cephalops Fallén, 1810 View in CoL

Cephalops Fallén, 1810: 10 View in CoL . Type species Cephalops aeneus Fallén, 1810 View in CoL (monotypy); Rafael, 1990: 353, figs 1–133; De Meyer, 1989a: 725, figs 1–149; De Meyer, 1989b: 99, figs 1–49; De Meyer, 1994: 8, figs 1–49; Rafael, 1996: 363, figs 12–17; Motamedinia et al. 2022: 1209; Ramos-Pastrana et al. 2022: 202 View Cited Treatment .

Pipunculus View in CoL (group II); Becker, 1897: 36, 58 (partim); 1900: 226 (partim); 1921: 149 (partim); Cresson, 1911: 296 (partim); Motamedinia et al. 2022: 14 (phylogeny).

Dorilas Hardy, 1943: 54 View in CoL (partim); 1950a: 13 (partim); 1959: 391; Aczél, 1952: 240 (partim).

Witella Hardy, 1950b: 41. Type species Dorylas candidulus Hardy, 1949 (original designation); synonymized by Rafael & De Meyer, 1992: 649.

Pipunculus (Pipunculus) Hardy, 1965a: 230 (partim); 1965b: 16; 1965c: 552 (partim); 1966: 6 (partim).

Pipunculus (Cephalops) Hardy, 1972: 10 ; 1975: 298; 1980: 484.

Key to males of the Neotropical species of Cephalops View in CoL

Adapted from Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022).

1 Abdomen with conspicuous pilosity; tergite 1 with 8–12 thin and long setae laterally; scutellum with many thin and long setae dorsally and laterally (except C. amembranosus View in CoL which does not have a membranous area in the syntergosternite 8)....... 2

- Abdomen with inconspicuous pilosity (except in C. acutus View in CoL ); tergite 1, at most, with 6 conspicuous setae laterally; scutellum with few tiny setae.................................................................................... 7

2 Syntergosternite 8 with membranous area [figures 8, 24, 40, 56, 72, 85, 98 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; sternite 6 uninflated, ending in a simple apex; phallus trifid [figures 90, 110 in Rafael (1990)]......................................... 3

- Syntergosternite 8 without membranous area [figures 83, 96 in Rafael (1990)]; sternite 6 extremely inflated, usually cheliform [figure 95 in Rafael (1990)]; phallus simple, unbranched [figures 84, 97, 104, 113 in Rafael (1990)]................... 4

3 Frons black with frontal callus shiny black; hind femur without ventral ctenidia; tergites 2–4 brown pruinose at base [figure 106 in Rafael (1990)]; surstyli with inner margins slightly straight [figure 107 in Rafael (1990)]..... C. nigrifrons Rafael, 1990 View in CoL

- Frons gray without frontal callus; hind femur with ventral ctenidia; tergites 2–5 entirely shiny black dorsally, completely without pruinosity; surstyli with inner margins slightly sinuous [figure 89 in Rafael (1990)]....... C. callistus Hardy, 1954 View in CoL

4 Tergites 2 and 3 and eventually 4 with yellow tonalities...................................................... 5

- All tergites without yellow spots......................................................................... 6

5 All coxae predominantly yellow; meron yellow; phallic guide with a rigid lobe forward-directed, with setae ventrally and lobes laterally truncated apically [figure 112 in Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme T-shaped [figure 112 in Rafael (1990)]; phallus without subapical spicules [figure 112 in Rafael (1990)]..................................... C. ponti Rafael, 1990 View in CoL

- Fore and mid coxae black, unlike the yellow hind coxa; meron partially black anteriorly; phallic guide with lobes laterally acute apically, without setae ventrally [figure 103 in Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped narrowed [figure 103 in Rafael (1990)]; phallus with tiny spicules subapically [figure 104 in Rafael (1990)].......... C. nigricoxa Rafael, 1990 View in CoL

6 All coxae yellow; hind femur with yellow ventral ctenidia; scutellum with thin and long setae; postpedicel with acuminate apex; surstyli subsymmetrical [figure 96 in Rafael (1990)]....................................... C. limatus Hardy, 1965 View in CoL

- All coxae black; hind femur with black ventral ctenidium; scutellum with tiny setae; postpedicel with rounded apex; surstyli asymmetrical [figure 83 in Rafael (1990)]........................................ C. amembranosus Rafael, 1990 View in CoL

7 Pedicel yellow....................................................................................... 8

- Pedicel brown to dark brown........................................................................... 10

8 Notopleuron and mesopleuron brown, brown pruinose, tergites 2–4 with brown triangular spots at base and medially, sparsely gray-brown pruinose, with yellow spots laterodorsally [figures 1–2, 6 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; both surstyli thickened at base, acute apically, with outer margins sinuous [figure 8 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; apex of phallic guide with rigid and distinct lobes laterally, and distinct acute lobe dorsally [figure 12 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped [figure 13 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; phallus unbranched, with two lateral membranous projections apically [figure 12 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]....................... C. acutus Ramos-Pastrana, Marques & Rafael, 2022 View in CoL

- Notopleuron and mesopleuron dark brown to black, gray pruinose; tergites 2–4 brown to black with light brown bands on the distal margin [figures 18, 22 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)] or with black pruinose bands across bases; both surstyli thickened at base and medially, acute apically, with external margins curved [figure 24 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022) and figure 13 in Rafael (1996)]; apex of phallic guide simple without rigid and distinct lobes laterally, and without distinct acute lobe dorsally [figure 28 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022) and figure 15 in Rafael (1996)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped [figure 29 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022) and figure 17 in Rafael (1996)], phallus trifid, without lateral membranous projections apically [figure 28 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022) and figure 15 in Rafael (1996)]........................................ 9

9 Fore coxa yellow, mid and hind black; all femora and tibiae entirely yellow; tergites 2–5 shiny brown with light brown bands on distal margin [figures 18, 22 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)] or tergites 2–3 with shiny black spots posterolaterally (visible in certain light); both surstyli with inner margins straight and outer margins curved [figure 24 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)].............................................................................. C. amapaensis Rafael, 1990 View in CoL

- All coxae predominantly black, all femora with apex yellow, all tibiae with bases and apices yellow; tergites 2–5 dark brown to black with black pruinose bands across bases; both surstyli with inside and outer margins curved [figure 13 in Rafael (1996)]........................................................................... C. pedernalensis Rafael, 1996 View in CoL

10 Both surstyli with inner and outer margins sinuous in dorsal view [figure 40 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)] or conical-shaped [figure 56 in Rafael (1990)]; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated, simple and clearly thinner than the phallic guide [figure 57 in Rafael (1990) and 44 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]................................. 11

- Both surstyli with inner or outer margins slightly rounded or rounded in dorsal view [ Figs 1H View FIGURE 1 2G View FIGURE 2 , figures 9, 36 in Rafael (1990) and 56, 69 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; phallus bifid [ Figs 1L View FIGURE 1 2K View FIGURE 2 ; and 11, 37 in Rafael (1990)] or trifid with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal third [figures 15, 27 in Rafael (1990) and 60 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)] if are separated in a greater proportion, the ejaculatory ducts are as thick as the phallic guide [figure 73 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]............................................................................................ 12

11 Hind coxa brown; femora with brown spot medially; tergites 2–3 opaque brown, tergites 4–5 entirely black pruinose; both surstyli thickened at base, with acute apex, left surstylus clearly shorter and thinner [figure 56 in Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide without distinct translucent lobe apically, with tip acute and setae ventrally [figure 57 in Rafael (1990)]........................................................................................ C. villifemoralis Hardy, 1954 View in CoL

- All coxae light brown; femora yellow; tergites 2–5 with dark brown band dorsally on anterior margin, tergites 2–4 with light brown spots laterodorsally [figures 33–34, 38 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; both surstyli with outer and inner margins sinuous, with tips inward-directed [figure 40 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; both surstyli dorsally lobated and tips slightly downward-directed when seen in lateral view [figures 41–42 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; right surstylus with a distinct apical lobe visible in lateral view [figure 42 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; apex of phallic guide with distinct translucent lobe apically, with tip slightly truncated, without setae ventrally [figure 44 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]....................................................................... C. gracilis Ramos-Pastrana, Marques & Rafael, 2022 View in CoL

12 Phallus trifid [figures 6, 27, 57, 90, 109 in Rafael (1990), figures 28, 44, 60, 73 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]........ 13

- Phallus bifid [figures 11, 37 in Rafael (1990) and Figs 1L View FIGURE 1 , 2K View FIGURE 2 ]................................................ 16

13 Apex of phallic guide with lobes ventrally or apically [figures 15, 27 in Rafael (1990)]............................. 14

- Apex of phallic guide without lobes [figures 60, 73 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)].............................. 15

14 Postpedicel acute [figure 25 in Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide with membranous lobe apically [figure 27 in Rafael (1990)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated, without small spines medially [figure 27 in Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme with truncate apex [figure 28 in Rafael (1990)].................................. C. nitidellus Rafael, 1990 View in CoL

- Postpedicel rounded [figure 13 in Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide with rigid lobes ventrally [figure 15 in Rafael (1990)]; phallus trifid with ejaculatory ducts separated only at the apex short, with small spines medially [figure 15 in Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme with acute apex [figure 16 in Rafael (1990)].......................... C. innitidus Rafael, 1990 View in CoL

15 Postpedicel yellowish brown, unlike the dark brown pedicel; surstyli thickened medially, thin at bases and apically, left surstylus slightly thinner than right [figure 69 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; both surstyli with tips downward directed when seen in lateral view [figures 70–71 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; apex of phallic guide thin, bearing a small translucent lobe and row of thin setae ventrally [figure 73 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; ejaculatory apodeme pin-shaped, shortened, truncated distally [figure 74 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts thickened [figure 73 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)], two ejaculatory ducts with submedian lobes laterally when seen in ventral view [figure 72 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]....................................... C. lobatus Ramos-Pastrana, Marques & Rafael, 2022 View in CoL

- Postpedicel dark brown [figure 51 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; surstyli thickened at base, thin apically, with tips slightly inward-directed, surstyli almost equal in length [figure 56 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; both surstyli with margins straight, tips forward directed when seen in lateral view [figures 57–58 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; apex of phallic guide stout, thickened at base, acute apically, without setae apically [figure 60 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped [figure 61 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)]; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal third, only tips of ejaculatory ducts slightly coiled [figure 60 in Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022)].......................................................................... C. klinsmanni Ramos-Pastrana, Marques & Rafael, 2022 View in CoL

16 Apex of phallic guide with lobes ventrally or dorsally [figures 11, 37 in Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory ducts of phallus with acute apex [figures 11, 37 in Rafael (1990)];................................................................... 17

- Apex of phallic guide without lobes ventrally or dorsally ( Figs 1L View FIGURE 1 , 2K View FIGURE 2 ); ejaculatory ducts of phallus with truncated or rounded apex ( Figs 1L View FIGURE 1 , 2K View FIGURE 2 )................................................................................... 18

17 Postpedicel with acute apex [figure 8A in Hardy (1950)]; apex of phallic guide with three acute lobes dorsally [figure 11 in Rafael (1990)]; phallus with one ejaculatory duct with a medial protuberance backward-directed [figure 11 in Rafael (1990)]............................................................................. C. brasiliensis Hardy, 1950a View in CoL

- Postpedicel with slightly rounded apex [figure 35 in Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide without lobes dorsally [figure 37 in Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory ducts of phallus without protuberance [figure 37 in Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme with acute apex [figure 38 in Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme with truncate apex [figure 12 in Rafael (1990)].................................................................................................. C. nitidus Hardy, 1950a View in CoL

18 Fore and mid femora proximal half brown and distal half yellow, fore femur with proximal two thirds brown and distal third yellow ( Fig. 1A View FIGURE 1 ); left surstylus with rounded apex ( Fig. 1A View FIGURE 1 ); gonopods with acute apex ( Fig. 1K View FIGURE 1 ); ejaculatory ducts of phallus with truncated and membranous apex ( Fig. 1L View FIGURE 1 ); one ejaculatory duct with tuft of projections that appear to be setae on third apical ventrally ( Fig. 1L View FIGURE 1 ).............................................................. C. baldiensis sp. nov.

- Femora entirely yellow ( Fig. 2A View FIGURE 2 ); left surstylus with acute apex ( Fig. 2A View FIGURE 2 ); gonopods with rounded apex ( Fig. 2J View FIGURE 2 ); ejaculatory ducts of phallus with rounded and sclerosed apex, without tuft of projections that appear to be setae ventrally ( Fig. 2K View FIGURE 2 )..................................................................................... C. farallonensis sp. nov.