Dilychnia species Dilychnia, Motschulsky, 1853

Dilychnia species Taxonomic authority and year

Dilychnia guttula ( Fabricius, 1801) View in CoL

Dilychnia ruficollis Motschulsky, 1854 View in CoL

Dilychnia succensa ( Olivier, 1907) View in CoL

Dilychnia propinqua ( Olivier, 1909) View in CoL

Dilychnia disparilis Olivier, 1911 View in CoL

Dilychnia cavicollis Olivier, 1912 View in CoL

Dilychnia dumasi Vaz, Mermudes, Paiva & Silveira View in CoL , present study

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DILYCHNIA View in CoL

( Figs 6G, 7A, B, 9E, 11A–C, G, 12A, C, E, 13, 18A–C, 22D, 29A–C, 32A–C, 34A–D, 37A–D)

1. Sterna VI and VII with ellipsoid light organs as wide as or slightly narrower than one-third of sternum length ( Figs 12C, 13B, 22D) .......................................................................................................................... 2

1 ′. Sterna VI and VII with rectangular light organs almost reaching lateral margin ( Figs 11C, 29C, 34B, 37B) ............................................................................................................................................................... 4

2. Pronotum bright orange and elytra with basal one-third orange or completely black ( Figs 7A, 12A, 18A–C), antenna slightly serrate until antennomere IX ( Figs 6G, 12A) ................................................... 3

2 ′. Pronotum and elytron orange and antenna strongly serrate until antennomere X ( Fig. 13) … D. disparilis View in CoL

3. Pronotum slightly wider than long, and semicircular( Fig.7A,B); elytra with basal third orange ( Fig.18A–C); and sternum VIII with lateral margin rounded ( Fig. 9E) ............................................................ D. guttula View in CoL

3 ′. Pronotum trapezoidal, almost 2× wider than long ( Fig. 12A); elytron dark brown ( Fig. 12A); and sternum VIII with lateral margin convergent posteriad ( Fig. 12E) ........................................................ D. ruficollis View in CoL

4. Body length> 2.0 cm ( Fig. 29A–C) ............................................................................................. D. succensa View in CoL

4 ′. Body length <2.0 cm ( Figs 11A–C, 34A–C, 37A–C) ................................................................................... 5

5. Light organs on sternites VI and VII occupying the whole sternum ( Figs 11G, 37D) .............................. 6

5 ′. Light organs on sternites VI and VII almost as wide as sternum (lateral margins straight) ( Fig. 34D).... ................................................................................................................................................... D. propinqua View in CoL

6. Elytra with outer margin and lateral margins yellowish ( Fig. 11A); body length> 1 cm; and light organs with lateral margin slightly emarginate ( Fig. 11G) .................................................................. D. cavicollis View in CoL

6 ′. Elytron black or dark brown ( Fig. 20A–C); body length ≤ 1 cm; and light organs with margin straight ( Fig. 37A–D) .................................................................................................................................. D. dumasi View in CoL

Lucidota dimidiatipennis Lucas, 1857: 87 (desc.); Olivier, 1899: 75 (syn.) non Lucidota dimidiatipennis Jaquelin Du Val, 1857 .

Lucidota dimidiatipennis Jaquelin Du Val, 1857: 84 (desc.).

Lucidota basalis View in CoL ; Gemminger & Harold 1869: 1639 (syst.).

Lucidota semicolor Gemminger 1870: 119 (nom. nov. for Lucidota dimidiatipennis Lucas, 1857 ).

Photinus pectoralis Kirsch, 1873: 389 (desc.); Olivier, 1899: 75 (syn.).

Photinus guttula ; Olivier, 1899: 75 (syst.).

Lucidota guttula ; Olivier in Wytsman 1907: 20; Blackwelder, 1945: 354 (cat.).

Dilychnia guttula View in CoL ; Olivier 1911: 72; McDermott, 1966: 73 (cat.).

Type material: Holotype, male ( ZMUK) ( Fig. 24A). Labels: L. guttula ex. Am: mer: Schmidt [light brown label]; Type [red label]; ZMUC 00031356 View Materials [white label] ( Fig. 24B).

Diagnosis: Males with antennomere III as long as scape, antennomeres III –IX serrate, X–XI filiform ( Fig. 6G), elytra with lateral margin rounded ( Fig. 18A–C), sterna VI and VII with elliptical light organs in central region, covering one-third of sternum width ( Fig. 22D); sternum VIII as long as one-half of sternum length ( Fig. 9E), pygidium with lateral margin and posterior margin with straight median region ( Fig. 9D), aedeagus with phallobase elongated and median region slightly emarginate ( Fig. 9G–I).

Colour pattern: Frons and antenna dark brown, mouthparts light brown ( Fig. 6E, G); pronotum orange, anterior margin yellowish, and median region and posterior margin orange ( Fig. 7A, B); scutellum orange ( Fig. 25A); elytron with basal one-third orange and black towards apex ( Fig. 18A–C); pro- and mesofemora orange, and tibia and tarsus black, metaleg black ( Fig. 8); abdomen dark brown to black ( Figs 9C, 22C).

Head: Antenna slightly serrate, covered with short bristles ( Fig. 6G). Palpi four-segmented: I small and thin in comparison to II; II 2× longer than III, cylindrical; III rectangular; IV robust and medially fusiform, 1.5× longer than I ( Fig. 6A). Labium with palpi three-segmented: I and II subequal; III securiform, 3× longer than maxillary palpomere IV ( Fig. 6A).

Thorax: Pronotum semicircular, 1.5× wider than long, with anterior and lateral margins rounded, posterior margin with median one-third rounded and posterior angles projected, acute and convergent posteriad ( Fig. 7A–D). Hypomeron trapezoidal, protruded outwards laterally ( Fig. 7E). Elytra slightly convex, with lateral margin rounded and apex rounded ( Fig. 18A–C); Hind wing well developed, 2× longer than width, posterior margin sinuous in AA3 zone, subcostal almost reaching anterior margin; CuA2 absent. MP-Cu present; MP 3 + 4 long, starting basally and reaching apex; r4 one-third longer than RP + MP 1 + 2, almost reaching distal margin, J

slightly smaller than RP + MP 1 + 2; r3 as long as half of RC width ( Fig. 18D).

Abdomen: Sterna with lateral margins divergent posteriad ( Fig. 9C); sterna VI and VII median region with elliptical light organ ( Fig. 22D); sternum VIII slightly wider than long ( Fig. 9E); pygidium as wide as long, posterior margin with median region rounded ( Fig. 9D); sternum IX with posterior margin rounded ( Fig. 9F).

Aedeagus: Phallobase with lateral margin elongated and posterior margin slightly emarginate to rounded ( Fig. 9G); paramere apically acute and strongly sclerotized, posterior margin narrowed mucronate ( Fig. 9G); phallus with basal part extending slightly towards phallobase ( Fig. 9H–I).

Female: Pronotum 2× wider than long; sternum VI with circular light organ, as long as wide; sternum VII lacking light organs, and in some specimens with a rudimentary light organ; sternum VIII with lateral margins slightly converging posteriad and posterior margin with median region emarginate; pygidium posterior margin with parasagittal sinuosities, posterior angles straight, and a rounded median region.

Remarks: Lampyris guttula was described by Fabricius in 1801, based on material collected during the South American expedition of D. Schmidt from Sehestedt. This material was incorporated into the Fabricius collection, currently deposited in Kiel (A. Solodovnikov, pers. comm.). In 1852, Motschulsky described the genus Dilychnia and its type species D. basalis in 1853. Gemminger & Harold (1869) considered Dilychnia as a junior synonym of Lucidota and used the name Lucidota basalis for the first time. Gemminger (1870) studied Lucidota dimidiatipennis Lucas, 1857 and found that it was preoccupied by Lucidota dimidiatipennis Jaquelin Du Val, 1857 . To solve this homonymy, he proposed the new epithet semicolor and transferred this species to Dilychnia , creating Dilychnia semicolor . Later, Olivier (1899) synonymized Lucidota dimidiatipennis Lucas, 1857 , Photinus pectoralis Kirsch, 1873 and Dilychnia basalis Motschulsky, 1853 with Lampyris guttula Fabricius, 1801 and transferred it to the genus Photinus Laporte, 1833 as Photinus guttula . Olivier in Wytsman (1907) synonymized the genus Dilychnia with Lucidota and used Lucidota guttula for the first time. Subsequently, Olivier (1911) revalidated Dilychnia and finally used Dilychnia guttula for this species.

Dilychnia guttula can be distinguished from others by its overall dark brown colour pattern, with the pronotum and elytral basal one-third orange and dark brown apex ( Fig. 18A–C), its serrate antennomeres III – IX, filiform antennomeres X and XI ( Fig. 6G), a pronotum with projecting posterior angles ( Fig. 18A), a slightly wider than long pygidium ( Fig. 9D) and a phallobase of the aedeagus with elongate lateral margin and slightly emarginate posterior margin ( Fig. 9G–I).

In addition to the type species of D. guttula at Zoologisches Museum Universität Kiel ( Fig. 24), we found specimens previously compared with the type by E. Olivier at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Material examined: Fifteen males, without data, guttula det. E. Olivier (compared with type) ( MNHN). VENEZUELA: Padron: Est. Exp. De Caucaguá , 1 male, 16. III, R . Cuira ( MZSP). BRAZIL: Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul, Ilha Florianópolis , 1 male, 12–17. V .1981, Norman & Elias ( INPA) , 1 male, 16. V .1981, Jorge Arias ( INPA), Rio Branco , 2 female, 1 male, 25.X–08.XI.1991, F. Ramos; A. Henriques; I. Gorayeb & N. Bittencourt, trap in 20m ( MPEG) , 2 female, 25.X–08.XI.1991, F. Ramos; A. Henriques; I. Gorayeb & N. Bittencourt, Malaise ( MPEG) , 2 male, 25.X–08.XI.1991, F. Ramos; A. Henriques; I. Gorayeb & N. Bittencourt ( MPEG); Amapá: Rio Calçoene, Lago do Tigre , 1 male, 06–08. VIII .1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG), Rio Felicio , 1 male, 18. VII .1959, J. Lane ( MZSP), Rio Felício , 2 male, 08. VIII .1957, J. Lane ( MZSP), Serra do Navio , 1 male, 06. VII .1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG) , 1 male, 13. VII .1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG) , 1 male, 17. VII .1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG), Serra Lombard , 1 male, 03.IX.1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG) , 2 female, 4 male, 04.IX.1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG) , 1 male, 19. VIII . 1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG) , 2 male, 20. VIII .1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG) , 1 male, 21. VIII . 1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG) , 1 female, 22. VIII .1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG) , 1 male, 23. VIII .1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG) , 1 male, 26. VIII .1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG) , 2 female, 28. VIII .1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG) , 1 male, 30. VIII .1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG); Amazonas: BR 174 , km 115, 2 female, 16.XI.1977, Norman D. Penny ( INPA), Itacoatiara , 1 female, Dirings ( MZSP), Manaus , INPA , 1 female, 06. VI .1977, Joselita Santos ( INPA), Manaus , INPA Campus II , 03°06 ′ 07 ″ S, 60°01 ′ 30 ″ W, 1 female, 04–29.IV.2005, P.J. R . Neves, Lençol luminoso ( INPA), S. Izabel, Rio Negro, Maturaca , 1 male, 11–18.X.1990, J.A. Rafael, Malaise ( INPA), Tabatinga , 1 female, 22–24. VII .1956, M. Alvarenga ( MNRJ), Benjamin Constant, Rio Javari , 1 male, XI.1961, Dirings ( MZSP), Benjamin Constant, Rio Javary – Alto Amazonas , 1 male, VII .1960, Dirings ( MZSP) , 1 female, XI.1960, Dirings ( MZSP), Itacoatiara , 1 male, VIII .1960, Dirings ( MZSP); Am 010, km 26 , 1 male, 04. VI .1976, Laelvo ( INPA), Am 010, km 45 , 1 female, 25.IV.1982, E. F. Ribeiro ( INPA), Barcelos, Rio Demeni Pirico , 1 female, VIII .2008, A. Silva & R . Machado, Malaise ( INPA), Barcelos, Rio Demeni Pirico , 0°19 ′ 30 ″ S, 62°47 ′ 21 ″ W GoogleMaps , 1 female, VIII .2008, A. Silva & R . Machado ( INPA), Borba, Guajará , 1 female, 1 male, V .1943, A. Parko ( MNRJ) , 1 female, V .1945, A. Parko ( MNRJ), BR – 174 km 45, 1 male, 02.IV.1982, E. L. Ribeiro ( INPA), Carauari , 5°05 ′ 27 ″ S, 67°10 ′ 57 ″ W GoogleMaps , 1 female, VII .2005, F. F. Xavier-Filho ( INPA), Careiro Castanho, Sistema Janauacá, Lago Castanho , 1 male, 18. VI .1976, Joselita Santos ( INPA), Conj. João Bosco Flores , 1 male, 08.IV.1988, A. C. Ferreira ( INPA) , 1 female, 26.IV.1988, A. C. Mascitilli ( INPA), Itacoatiara , 1 male, III .1964, Dirings ( MZSP) , 1 female, XI.1959, Dirings ( MZSP) , 1 male, XII.1961, Dirings ( MZSP) , 1 female, Dirings ( MZSP), Manaus , 30 ′ 8 ″ S, 60°01 ′ W , 1 male, 04.IV.2005, D. S. Carrasco, Rede entomológico ( INPA), Manaus , 1 female, 05.IV.1986, Lindalva ( INPA) , 1 male, 09. V .1976, Ester ( INPA) , 1 female, 18. VI .1976, Rulino ( INPA) , 1 male, 23. III .1982, E.F. Ribeiro ( INPA) , 1 female, V .1968 C. S. Antonio ( INPA), Manaus, Adrianópolis, Rua Belo Horizonte , 1 female, 27.IV.2008, J. F. Barbosa ( INPA), Manaus , Bairro Coroado II , 03°06 ′ 07 ″ S, 60°01 ′ 30 ″ W, 1 male, 13.IV.2005, J.S. Araújo ( INPA), Manaus, Bosque da Ciência , INPA , 1 male, 01–04. V .2007, A. R. Figueiredo ( INPA) , 1 female, 21. V .2005, M.C.M. Castro, Rede entomológico ( INPA) , 1 male, 23–24.IV.2007, C. A. Nogueira, busca ativa ( INPA) , 1 female, 26.IV.2007, W. C. Lourenço ( INPA), Manaus, Coroado , 1 male, 03. III .2005, B. M. Oliveira ( INPA), Manaus , INPA , 1 female, 02. VI .1976, Miriam Serrano ( INPA) , 1 female, 08. VI .1976, Lina Dias (INPA) , 1 female, 09. V .1977, Paraluppi ( INPA) , 1 male, 10. VI .1976, Mário Dantas ( INPA) , 1 male, 12. V .1976, I.S. Gorayed ( INPA) , 1 female, 1 male, 12. VI .1976, B. Mascarenhas ( INPA) , 1 female, 13. VI .1976, B. Mascarenhas ( INPA) , 1 male, 14. V .1976, A. P.A. Lima Dias ( INPA) , 1 male, 15.IV.1988, S. S. Leite & M. Amorim ( INPA) , 1 male, 15. V .1979, I. Arias ( INPA) , 1 female, 18. V .1976, A. P. A. Lima Dias ( INPA) , 1 female, 20.IV.1976, A. P. A. Luna Dias ( INPA) , 1 female, 20. VI .1976 ( INPA) , 1 female, 21. V .1976, Ício ( INPA) , 1 female, 22.IV.1976, Ício ( INPA) , 1 male, 23. V .1976, Paralupfi ( INPA), Manaus , INPA , 03°06 ′ 07 ″ S, 60°01 ′ 30 ″ W, 1 female, 24.IV.2006, A. A. Pinto ( INPA), Manaus , INPA , 1 male, 26. V .1976, Ício ( INPA) , 1 male, 28.IV.1988, S. S. Leite ( INPA) , 1 female, 1 male, 29.IV.1976, A. F. A. Luna Dias ( INPA) , 1 female, VI .1971, E. Castellón ( INPA), Manaus , INPA I, 03°06 ′ 07 ″ S, 60°01 ′ 30 ″ W, 1 male, 04–29.IV.2005, K. L. Pereira ( INPA) , 1 female, 24.IV.2005, V. R . Alves, Rede entomológico ( INPA), Manaus , INPA , Estrada Aleixo, 1 female, 20. V .1976, Dellome ( INPA), Manaus , km 41 , 1 male, 18–19.IV.2005, B. S. Godoy, Puçá ( INPA), Manaus , km 45 , 1 female, 09.IV.1992, E. L. Oliveira ( INPA), Manaus , km 45 , 1 male, 25.IV.1952, J. W. Morais ( INPA), Manaus , km 45 , 1 female, 25.IV.1982, J. W. Morais ( INPA) , 1 female, 25.X.1982, J. W. Morais ( INPA), Manaus, P. Laranjeiras , 1 male, 06. VI .1981, Jorge Arias ( INPA), Manaus, Reserva Ducke , 1 female, 04. VII .1997, L. Albuquerque ( INPA) , 1 female, 14. VIII .1969, A. Faustino ( INPA), Manaus, Sítio Vida Tropical, Rodovia Am-010 km 30 , 1 female, 20–21.IV.1996, J. F. Medeiros ( INPA), Manaus, Universidade do Amazonas , Av. Rodrigo Otávio, 3000 , 1 male, 14.IV.2002, D. L. V . Pereira, Rede entomológica ( INPA), Maués , 1 male, XII.1926, H. L. Boy ( MNRJ), Parque Nacional Jau, Rio Carabinani, Igarapé Preguição , 1 male, 20–29. VI .1994, L. S. Aquino ( INPA), São Paulo Olivença , 1 female, 1 male, VIII .1925, H. L. Boy ( MNRJ), Tabatinga , 1 female, 2 male, 22–24. VII .1956, M. Alvarenga ( INPA), Taracuá, Rio Uaupés , 1 female, VIII .1964, Pereira & Machado ( MZSP) , 2 male, 25.IV.1976, Paraluppi ( INPA) , 2 female, 1 male, J. C. Carvalho ( MNRJ). Bahia: Uruçuca, Fazenda Zona do Tijuipe, Restinga , 14°25 ′ 46 ″ S, 39°01 ′ 22 ″ W GoogleMaps , 1 female, 22–26.IX.2015, M. A. Ulyssea & F. F. Albertoni, Busca ativa ( MZSP); Maranhão: Aldeia Araçú, Igarapé Gurupi , 1 male, V .1963, B. Malkin ( MZSP), Carolina Serra Grande , 07°04 ′ 28 ″ S, 47°24 ′ 12 ″ W GoogleMaps , 1 female, 13.XII.2001, F. L. Oliveira & J. Vidal, Malaise ( INPA); Mato Grosso: Aripuanã, Aeroporto , 1 female, 26.I.1976, L. P. Albuquerque ( INPA), Chapada Guimarães , 1 male, 05. II .1961, J. & B. Bechyné ( MPEG), Cuiabá , 1 male, 14.X.1993, Leodenil Duarte ( UFMT), Rondonópolis , 1 male, 31.X.1991, M. Tavares ( MZSP); Pará: Altamira, Castelo dos Sonhos – Área 18 , 1 male, XI.2005, A. L. Nunes, Busca ativa ( MPEG), Belém , 1 female, 01. VII .1965, P. Waldir ( MPEG), Belém Brasília Km 901 female, 30. VII .1974, M. Helena ( MPEG), Belém Mocambo , 1 female, 02. VII .1965, P. Waldir ( MPEG) , 1 female, 06. VIII .1977, W. L. Overel ( MPEG) , 1 female, 08. VII .1977, W. L. Overel ( MPEG) , 1 female, 08. VII .2007, S. B. Fáveri, Malaise ( MPEG) , 1 female, 10.IX.1977, M. F. Torres ( MPEG) , 2 female, 16. VI .1978, Malaise ( MPEG) , 1 female, 20. V .1978, M. F. Torres ( MPEG) , 1 female, 20. VI .1978, Malaise ( MPEG) , 1 female, 20. VI .1978, M. F. Torres ( MPEG) , 2 female, 24. VI .1977, L. Hock ( MPEG) , 1 female, 28. VI .1988, Dione de Sá ( MPEG), Belém Utinga , 1 female, 06. VI .1989, Dione de Sá ( MPEG) , 1 male, 15. II .1979, A. F. Ramos ( MPEG), Bragança , 1 female, 28. V .1978, W. L. Overel ( MPEG), Canindé, Rio Gurupí , 1 male, VI .1963, B. Malkin ( MZSP), Gorotire Xingu , 1 female, 08. VIII .1977, D. A. Posey ( MPEG), Itaituba, Rio Tapajós , 1 male, IX.1962, Dirings ( MZSP), Melgaço PPBio – Caquajó , 1 male, 27.X.1984, Luz ( MPEG), Município Benevides PA – 408 km 06 , 1 female, 20. VI .1980 ( MPEG), Óbidos, Baixo Amazonas , 1 male, II .1960, Dirings ( MZSP), Óbidos, Canta Galo , 1 male, XII.1956, Dirings ( MZSP), Santarenzinho, Rio Tapajós , 1 male, VI .1960, Dirings ( MZSP), Serra Norte , 1 female, 21.IX.1978, P. Celso ( MPEG), Sta. Isabel do Pará , 1 female, 09. VII .1962, J. Bechyné ( MZSP) , 1 female, 27. VI .1978, Malaise ( MPEG), Chaves – Ilha Caviana, Fazenda São Luiz , 1 female, 15. VII –13. VIII .1991, M. Fernandes, Malaise ( MPEG), Mocajuba, Mangabeira , 1 male, VI .1953, Orlando Rego ( MNRJ); Acará, Ilha do Combu , 1 male, 16. VII .1988, J. Dias ( MPEG), Monte Alegre, Serra Itauajuri , 1 male, 28.I.1996, R . M. Valente ( MPEG); Piauí: Piracuruca, Riacho Piedades, Parque Nacional Sete Cidades , 40°6 ′ 34 ″ S, 41°43 ′ 39 ″ W, 169 m GoogleMaps , 1 male, 18–19.IV.2012, D.M. Takiya, Varredura ( DZRJ); Rondônia: Mutum–Paraná , 1 male, 19. VI –02. VII .2010, Equipe Entomológica Jirau, Malaise ( DZRJ); Roraima: Rio Uraricoera, Ilha de Maraca , 1 male, 02–13. V .1987, J. A. Rafael, J. E. B. Brasil & L. S. Aquino ( INPA); PERU: Madre de Dios: 12rd km e Mazuko, ponte Amanapu , 13°2 ′ 51.1 ″ S, 70°20 ′ 45.9 ″ W GoogleMaps , 1 female, 18–22. VIII .2012, R. R . Cavichioli; J. A. Rafael; A. P. M. Santos & D. M. Takiya, Malaise ( DZRJ), Vasconcelos Xingu M. Gr ., 1 male, XI.1958, R . Arle ( MNRJ) , 1 female, 02. V .1976, I. S. Gorayeb, Luz ( INPA); Tingo Maria: Rio Huallaga , 650–800 m , 1 male, Dirings ( MZSP), Rio Huellaga , 650–800 m , 1 male, X.1960, Dirings ( MZSP). Poconé , 1 male, 28. III .1938, M. C. Vanessa ( MNRJ). BOLIVIA: Departamento Santa Cruz: Buena Vista , 1 female, I.1960, A. Martinez ( MZSP); Santa Cruz: Buena Vista – El Cairo , 1 male, 19.XI.2008, Galileo, Vanin & Martins ( MZSP). Departamento Pando: Cobija, Reserva San Sebastian Tahuamanu, Disturbed Amazonian forest , 11°24 ′ 27 ″ S, 69°01 ′ 04 ″ W GoogleMaps , 2 male, 22.XII.2003, D. J. Mann & A. C. Hamel, Luz Azul, forest path ( OUM) .