Fernandina

Fernandina and Isabela cluster

Populations from these two islands are considered to form a single cluster based on microsatellite loci data. They also form a cluster in the RADseq tree and are closely related in the SNP–PCA. We therefore consider these populations to belong to a single subspecies which shows distinct morphological differences to all other subspecies. As Fernandina is the type locality of A. cristatus , this cluster is the nominal subspecies A. c. cristatus , with junior synonyms A. c. ater and A. c. albemariensis (see justification and nomenclatural consequences below).