Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz

9. Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz View in CoL — Fig. 6c View Fig , 9 View Fig ; Map 7 View Map 7

Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz (1874) View in CoL 245; (1877) 391 (pro Mallotus tokbrai (Blume) Müll.Arg. View in CoL ); emend. J.J.Sm. (1910) 460;Koord.(1912) 493; Pax & K.Hoffm. (1914) 48; (1919) 14; Merr. (1921) 340; Backer & Bakh.f. (1963) 479; Whitmore (1973) 71, f. 3; Airy Shaw (1975) 60; (1980) 38; (1981) 269,f. 3A;(1982) 9; (1983) 10;Chayam.(2005) 131;(2007) 612,f. 3. — Elateriospermum tokbrai Blume (1826) View in CoL 621; Hassk. (1848) 251; Miq. (1859) 412. — Mallotus tokbrai (Blume) Müll.Arg.(1866) View in CoL 956; Pax (1910) 18. — Rottlera tokbrai (Blume) Scheff.(1869) View in CoL 122. — Blumeodendron elateriospermum J.J.Sm. (1912) View in CoL 56, nom. illeg., superfl. — Lectotype (designated here): Blume 1531 (L), Java, Mt Salak.

Mallotus? vernicosus Hook.f. (1887) View in CoL 443. — Blumeodendron vernicosum (Hook.f.) Gage (1922) View in CoL 244;Ridl. (1924) 282. — Type: Cantley 9 (K), Singapore, Botanical Garden .

? Elateriospermum paucinervia Elmer (1908) 484. — Blumeodendron paucinervium (Elmer) Merr. (1920) View in CoL 555; (1923) 428. — Type: Elmer 7416 (holo PNH lost; iso L), Philippines, Luzon , Tayabas Prov., Lucban .

Trees, to 40 m high, bole to 25 m high, dbh to 100 cm; stilt roots or buttresses up to 3 m high, out to 3 m; flowering branches 2‒5.5 mm diam, often somewhat angular, with internodes 3‒7 cm long; nodes hardly thickened. Outer bark red-, greenish- or light brown to (dark) grey to red to orange(-brown), smooth, pustular or fissured, lenticels round, c. 0.5 mm thick; inner bark wine- or orange red to yellow-brown, brown, (ochre-)orange, white, purple, yellow-pink and sometimes mottled, 5–10 mm thick; exudate indistinct, but plants becoming sticky; sapwood straw to pale yellow to cream to greyish white; heartwood straw. Leaves usually always a few alternate, but also subopposite to 3 leaves whorled; petiole 1.2–9.4 cm long, diam of thinnest part 1–2 mm, basal pulvinus 1–3.6 mm diam, hairs present (see Note 2); blade (ovate to) elliptic (to obovate), 5.3–31 by 3.1–17.3 cm, length/width ratio 1.4‒2.4(‒3.3), ratio leaf length/petiole length 4.4–4.8, pergamentaceous to coriaceous, asymmetric, with simple and lepidote hairs when young, base attenuate to cuneate, margin slightly recurved, apex acuminate to cuspidate, tip rounded to mucronulate, extrafloral nectaries sometimes adaxially along midrib, c. 10, young leaves resinous, covered with orange lepidote hairs, surfaces drying brown to brown-green to dark green, smooth, abaxial surface browner than adaxial surface when dry; venation slightly raised above, marginal vein indistinct, secondary nerves 5‒9 pairs, at c. 45.6° angle with midrib, tertiary nerves perpendicular to midrib, c. 2 mm apart, distinct, raised beneath, higher order nerves reticulate, indistinct. Inflorescences axillary and terminal, staminate ones 1–3 together, to 20 cm long, c. 1.4 mm diam, pistillate ones single, to 10 cm long, c. 1 mm diam; lepidote hairs orange, simple hairs white. Buds c. 3 mm diam. Staminate flowers 4–7.7 mm diam, white to pale green, sweet scented; pedicel 5.8‒8.4 mm long, 0.3‒0.7 mm diam; sepals 3–4, ovate to elliptic, 2.5‒4 by 1‒2 mm, inside red; stamens 31–36, filaments c. 4 mm long, white, anthers c. 0.5 mm long, yellow. Pistillate flowers 0.9–2.3 mm diam, light green; pedicel c. 2.5 mm long, c. 0.8 mm diam; sepals 5, triangular to ovate, 1.5‒3 by 0.5‒1.1 mm, inside red; ovary 2–3(–4)-locular, ellipsoid, 1.7–2.3 mm high, 1.4–2.3 mm diam; style indistinct, 0.3–0.5 mm long, stigma 1.3–4 mm long, recurved. Fruits ellipsoid to flattened-globular, 3.3–4.8 cm broad by 2.3–4.1 cm high, green to red-brown when dry; pedicel to 1 cm long, up to 3 mm diam, abscission zone basally; sepals not persistent; disc distinct; wall 4–7 mm thick, meso- and endocarp thickened, mesocarp sometimes with cavities when dry (see Note 3), surface knobbly; margin mostly pitted when dry; endocarp enclosing 2 or more seeds; stigma usually long persistent. Seeds bean-shaped, 2–3.8 by 1.1–2.2 by 0.9–1.3 cm; sarcotesta yellow.

Distribution — Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas.

Habitat & Ecology — Primary dipterocarp lowland forest, peat swamp forest, mangrove, kerangas forest, riverine forest, secondary forest; soil: white sand, sandy clay, clay, sandstone. Altitude: sea level to 1400 m. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.

Uses — Sarawak (Borneo): Wood used for canoes and planks; fruits edible.

Vernacular names — Malay Peninsula:Gaham badak; Kaum bada; Marahbulan. Sumatra:Awa sijeureuh; Batin-batin oeding; Belanti; Beroewa babi; Kalek kasih; Kemili oétan (Malay-Palem- bang); Keteroeng; Lala lalar oeding; Matakoeroeng; Niho (Eng- gano); Lala lalar oeding; Matakoeroeng; Oekih datan; Panaipanai; Sijeureuh etem; Sijeureuh-pajo; Sijeureuh silai; Sijoeroeh alafai; Tekoeroeng; Tekoeroeng keteroeng; Tijeureuh silai; Toetoen ramboetan dotan. Java: Boerahol; Kendoeng leuweung; Ki tokbraay; Tokbray. Sangi and Talaud Isles:Aluwatu. Borneo: Brunei: Antangon (Iban); Kalimantan: Sibau; Sabah: Gangulang; Gulang gulang; Tombuakat; Sarawak: Bantas (Iban); Buan (Kayan); Empungan (Milanau); Marahbulan; Merbulan; Merahbulan; Oendal; Pelapi (Kayan); Selunsor merah; Takok (Melanau); Teku. Sulawesi: Talaud: Aluwatu.

Notes — 1. Blumeodendron novoguineense and B. tokbrai resemble each other closely, see Note 2 under former.

2. Simple hairs are usually visible in Sumatran collections.

3. Some specimens in Borneo dry with green leaves and the fruits are very thick, not only the endocarp is thick also the mesocarp. The mesocarp then contains cavities of which is unclear if these were formed during drying of the fruits. Examples are: A (Wood) 4815, S (Paie) 16992, S (Au) 23937, SAN (Gansau) 47750. Probably S (Anderson & Paie) 28338, with staminate buds, and Ambrianyah & Arifin W 807, with young fruits, also belong to this form. Endert 4029, from SE Kalimantan, dried brownish green and also has fruits – still young – with a thickened mesoderm, but without cavities (see also Note 1 under B. borneense ).

4. Formerly, no distinction was made between B. tokbrai and B. novoguineense . The geographical border between both species is between the Moluccas ( B. tokbrai ; fruits larger and thick-walled) and New Guinea ( B. novoguineense ; fruits smaller and thin-walled). This may be due to clinal variation in the fruits of B. tokbrai , which show a geocline, they are larger in the west (Malay Peninsula and Sumatra) and smaller towards the east ( Philippines, Moluccas). Thus it seems that the small fruits of B. novoguineense are a continuation of this trend, but this is actually not the case.