Callicore Hübner, [1819]

are subgenera of Callicore Hübner, [1819] View in CoL

Inspection of genetic diversification and prominence of tree branches, we find that, contrary to their wing pattern similarity, Catagramma Boisduval, 1836 ( type species Catagramma hydaspes Boisduval, 1836 , which is a junior subjective synonym of Nymphalis pygas Godart, [1824] ) is a prominent genus strongly separated from others in the Callicore group, in agreement with Freitas et al. (2014) who called this genus by its junior synonym Paulogramma Dillon, 1948 ( type species Nymphalis pyracmon Godart, [1824] ) (Fig. 39). Therefore, we retain Catagramma as a genus. However, the other three taxa: Callicore Hübner, [1819] ( type species Papilio astarte Cramer, 1779 ), Diaethria Billberg, 1820 ( type species Papilio clymena Cramer, 1775 ) and Perisama Doubleday, 1849 ( type species Catagramma bomplandii Guérin-Méneville, [1844] ) cluster more closely and are less prominently separated from each other in the tree (Fig. 39), e.g., COI barcodes of the type species of differ by 8.8% (58 bp). Therefore, we propose that Diaethria Billberg, 1820 and Perisama Doubleday, 1849 are subgenera of Callicore Hübner, [1819] . This adjustment of status (from genus to subgenus) makes their classification more internally consistent, and this newly broader Callicore becomes similar in genetic divergence to its relatives Eunica Hübner, [1819] , Hamadryas Hübner, [1806] , and Dynamine Hübner, [1819] . In wing patterns and shapes, the currently proposed subgenera of Callicore are rather similar to each other, and a number of erroneous attributions to former genera have been made in classifying these species ( Freitas et al. 2014).