Cladorhiza gelida, LUNDBECK, 1905

CLADORHIZA GELIDA LUNDBECK, 1905 View in CoL

( FIGS 21, 22)

Original description: Cladorhiza gelida Lundbeck, 1905: 65 .

Synonyms and citations: Cladorhiza abyssicola ( Thomson, 1873: 112; Carter, 1876: 319). Cladorhiza abyssicola in part ( Hansen, 1885: 16). Cladorhiza abyssicola var. corticocancellata in part ( Arnesen, 1903: 12). Cladorhiza gelida ( Lundbeck, 1905: 83; Topsent, 1909: 6, 1913: 48; Arnesen, 1920: 25; Hentschel, 1929: 935; Burton, 1930: 492; Koltun, 1959: 81, 1964: 152, 163; Barthel & Tendal, 1993: 8, 90). Possibly: C. aff. gelida ( Hestetun et al., 2015) .

Type material examined: Lectotype: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition, st. 35 (5 July 1876, 63°17ʹN, 001°27ʹW, 1977 m). Paralectotypes: ZMUC-DEM-31, the Danish Ingolf Expedition st. 113 (21 July 1896, 69°31ʹN, 007°06ʹW, 2465 m); ZMUC-DEM-283, M/S ‘ Michael Sars’ 1902 (10 August 1902, 60°19ʹN, 005°39ʹE, 1169 m) .

Other material examined: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition, Sch. ‘Albatross’ 1884, M/S ‘Michael Sars’ 1910, NORBI, YMER80, BIOICE, R/V ‘Polarstern’ Ark X-31-9, GeoBio 2008-2012, Faranaut.

C o m p a r a t i v e m a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d: C l a d o r h i z a methanophila Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 2002 , ‘Atlantis’ AT 21-02, J633-5.

Diagnosis: Erect Cladorhiza with arbuscular morphology consisting of one or several main stems with numerous branches pointing outwards and slightly upwards. Stem and branches covered in a layer of softer tissue containing a large number of filaments projecting in all directions. Lower stem connected to the substrate with a small basal plate or with root-like processes. Megascleres mycalostyles; microscleres one type of anchorate anisochela c. 23–42 µm, sigmas c. 86–174 µm and sigmancistras c. 38–86 µm.

Description: Specimens arbuscular, up to 25 cm tall with main stem and branches 2–4 mm wide. Branches mostly oriented in one plane from the main stem, but often quite irregular. Filaments project in all directions from the stem and branches, typically 2 mm long, but can reach over 5 mm. In specimens with more than one main stem, the stems diverge close to the base, which is connected to the substrate with a plate-like basal structure made up of a small number of solid root-like processes. Morphology similar to that of C. abyssicola , but generally larger and more solid. Colour white to light beige in ethanol ( Fig. 21A–E).

REVIEW OF CARNIVOROUS SPONGES 29

Skeleton : Skeleton of main stem and branches composed of mycalostyle spicule bundles forming a solid core surrounded by looser tissue at the surface. Filament skeleton originates in the centre of the main skeleton and is made up of tightly packed mycalostyles, with a slight, softer outer layer ( Fig. 22A, B).