Conopia stomoxiformis ( Hübner, 1790 )

Conopia stomoxiformis ( Hübner, 1790) ( Figs 1–23 View Figures 1–6 View Figures 7–12 View Figures 13–17 View Figures 18–19 View Figures 20–21 View Figures 22–23 )

‘ Sph [inx]. stomoxiformis .’: Hübner 1790: 93, Theil IV, Taf. III, Fig. P. Type locality: ‘... bei Friedberg in Bayren ...’ [= Germany: Bavaria, Aichach-Friedberg, vicinities of Friedberg]. Type material: lost ( Špatenka et al. 1999: 129).

= ‘ Sphinx Stomoxyformis. ’ [ Hübner, 1796]: Hübner, 1796 –1838: 87, Taf. 7, Fig. 47. Type locality: ‘ Bayern.’ [= Germany: Bavaria] . Type material: lost. Junior primary homonym of Sphinx stomoxiformis Hübner, 1790 .

= ‘ Synanthedon stomoxiformis riefenstahli ssp. n. ’: Špatenka 1997: 43, Abb. 1. Type locality: ‘... Spanien, Provinz Alicante , Orcheta, 500 m, ...’. Holotype ♂ ( ZSM).

Records for Crimea. Špatenka et al. 1999: 129, pl. 14, fig. 102; text-figs 75, 338; map ( Synanthedon ); Budashkin 2004: 342 ( Synanthedon ); Gorbunov 2024d: 506, figs 1–12, 25–29; Savchuk 2025 ( Synanthedon ).

Description. Males and females have some differences in the colouring of the thorax, abdomen and legs. Besides this, females are somewhat larger and more robust than males. The main sizes are as follows. Males: wingspan 23.2–26.0 mm; body length 13.8–16.1 mm; forewing length 10.1–11.6 mm; length of antenna 7.4–8.4 mm. Females: wingspan 24.0–28.0 mm; body length 14.0– 15.8 mm; forewing length 10.7–12.4 mm; length of antenna 7.2–8.2 mm.

Head with antenna, frons, vertex and labial palpus black with bright dark blue or dark violet sheen.

Thorax with patagium black with bright greenish sheen; tegula black with bright greenish-blue sheen, with dense admixture of red-orange scales in male and few red-orange scales at inner margin in female; meso- and metathorax black with bright greenish-blue sheen; thorax laterally black bright blue-violet sheen; posteriorly, both metepimeron and metameron dark gray-brown with violet sheen, covered with dark brown hair-like scales.

Legs black with bright greenish-blue sheen; in male all tarsi pale yellow.

Forewing with transparent areas well-developed; dorsally opaque parts black with bright greenish-blue sheen on costal margin and discal spot and bright violet sheen on anal margin, CuA-stem, veins within external transparent area and apical areas; ventrally in male discal spot black with dark greenish-violet sheen, other opaque parts pale yellow; ventrally in female costal and anal margins, discal spot and apical area black with bright dark greenish-violet sheen, CuA-stem pale yellow; cilia brown to dark brown with bronze sheen.

Hindwing transparent; in male dorsally costal margin and discal spot black with bright greenish-blue sheen; veins and outer margin black with dark violet sheen; ventrally costal margin and discal spot black with dark blue-violet sheen, vein CuP and outer margin black with dark violet sheen; all other veins pale yellow; in female costal margin, discal spot and veins black with bright greenish-blue sheen; cilia brown to dark brown with bronze sheen.

Abdomen black with bright greenish-blue sheen; tergite 4 red-orange, in female sometimes such red-orange scales present on tergites 5 and 6 ( Figs 9, 11 View Figures 7–12 ); sternites 4–7 in male and 4–6 in female red-orange; anal tuft black with bright greenish-blue sheen, with pale-yellow to yellow lateral parts in male.

Male genitalia (genitalia preparation № OG–007-2023) ( Figs 14–17 View Figures 13–17 ). Tegumen-uncus complex relatively broad; scopula androconialis well-developed, about 0.5 times as long as tegumen-uncus complex; crista gnathi medialis short and broad; crista gnathi lateralis subcordiform, short and slightly broader than crista gnathi medialis ( Fig. 14 View Figures 13–17 ); valva trapeziform-ovoid ( Fig. 15 View Figures 13–17 ) with crista sacculi extremely low and practically not expressed, but armed with strong pointed bristles, oblique, reaching about half length of valva; saccus ( Fig. 16 View Figures 13–17 ) narrow, flattened basally, short, about 0.5 times as long as vinculum; aedeagus ( Fig. 17 View Figures 13–17 ) rather slender, straight, with well-developed carina penis, about 0.7 times as long as valva; vesica with numerous minute cornuti.

Female genitalia (genitalia preparation № OG–006-2023) ( Fig. 13 View Figures 13–17 ). Papillae anales relatively large, well-sclerotized, with numerous setae; posterior apophysis somewhat longer than anterior apophysis; tergite 8 relatively broad, well-sclerotized, with sparse setae at distal half; lamella postvaginalis undeveloped; lamella antevaginalis well-sclerotized, large, cap-shaped; ostium bursae well-sclerotized, funnel-shaped, opening at level of middle tergite 8; antrum tubular, well-sclerotized, long, about 0.5 times as long as posterior apophysis; ductus bursae thin, membranous, about twice as long as antrum; corpus bursae ovoid with minute spines throughout.

Differential diagnosis. Superficially, this species is somewhat similar to the so-called ‘redbanded’ species of the genus Synanthedon Hübner, 1819 , sensu lato, of which only two species have been recorded in Crimea, viz. S. formicaeformis (Esper, 1783) and S. myopaeformis (Borkhausen, 1789) . From the first species compared, C. stomoxiformis can be distinguished in the colouration of the frons (with narrow silvery-white stripe laterally in S. formicaeformis ), labial palpus (red-orange interiorventrally in the species compared) and forewing dorsally (costal margin and apical area red-orange in S. formicaeformis ).

From the second species compared, this species differs in the colouration of the frons (with narrow silvery-white stripe laterally in S. myopaeformis ), thorax laterally (with large yellow-orange spot in the species compared) and abdomen ventrally (in male sternites 4–6 white, in female only sternite 4 red-orange in S. myopaeformis ).

In addition, all of these compared species clearly differ in the structure of the male and female genitalia (compare Figs 13–17 View Figures 13–17 in this article with figs 78, 96, 341 and 355 in Špatenka et al. 1999).

Bionomics. The only host plant of the larvae of this species in Crimea is Rhamnus cathartica , although Frangula alnus ( Rhamnaceae ) is also reported for Europe ( Špatenka et al. 1996). In addition, Sorbus aria Hedl. ( Rosaceae ) and Corylus avellana L. ( Corylaceae ) have also been reported for the Alps ( Špatenka et al. 1999). According to our data, the life cycle lasts for one year, although in literary sources it is indicated as biennial ( Špatenka et al. 1999; Laštůvka & Laštůvka 2001). The larva lives in the upper part of the root, and sometimes in the lower part of the trunk, making shallow corridors under the bark. The larva overwinters. After overwintering, in late April – early May, the last instar larva constructs an exit tube ( Fig. 18 View Figures 18–19 ) from borer deposits woven with silk. The length of this exit tube reaches seven cm. The upper end of the exit tube is closed with a round lid that easily breaks from the inside. The larva pupates in the lower part of this exit tube. Imagines emerged from the end of May to mid of June.

Habitat. Forest edges, bush thickets, ravines with the obligatory presence of Rhamnus cathartica ( Fig. 22 View Figures 22–23 ).

Distribution. Extremely locally in Southwestern ( Portugal, Spain and France), Central ( Luxembourg, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary), South ( Italy, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania); Southeastern ( Greece and the European part of Turkey) and Eastern Europe ( Lithuania, Ukraine). In Russia, this species is currently reliably known in the Tula, Moscow, Ul’yanovsk, Voronezh and Volgograd Regions, Donetsk People’s Republic and Republic of Crimea. On the Crimean Peninsula ( Fig. 23 View Figures 22–23 ) C. stomoxiformis was found in seven administrative-territorial units, viz. Republic of Crimea: Simferopol’ District, Simferopol’, Belogorsk District, Kirovskoye District, Feodosia, and Lenino District; and the Federal City of Sevastopol’. In this publication we record this species for the city of Sevastopol’ for the first time.

Material.

Republic of Crimea: 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀, Kirovskoye District, Staryy Krym, Agarmysh Mt., 45°02.138′ N, 035°02.973′ E, 690 m, 04. V.2013, ex pupae from exit tubes on roots of Rhamnus cathartica ( Rhamnaceae ), moths emerged 20–22. V.2013, O.G. Gorbunov leg.; Sesiidae pictures №№ 0001-0006–2013; ♂ with genitalia preparation № OG-007–2023, ♀ with genitalia preparation № OG-006–2023 ( COGM); 5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Lenino District, Bagerovo, 45°23.279′ N, 036°19.133′ E, 95 m, 08. V.2013, ex pupae from exit tubes on roots of Rhamnus cathartica ( Rhamnaceae ), moths emerged 20–25. V.2013, O.G. Gorbunov leg.; Sesiidae pictures №№ 0007-0016–2013, 0055-0060–2013 ( COGM); 7 old exit tubes on roots of Rhamnus cathartica ( Rhamnaceae ), Simferopol’, Ak-Mechet’, 44°54.22′ N, 034°06.08′ E, 369 m, 16. V.2016, O.G. Gorbunov leg.; 1 old exit tube on a root of Rhamnus cathartica ( Rhamnaceae ), Feodosiya, Podgornoye, Uzun-Syrt Mt., 45°00.337′ N, 035°15.407′ E, 153 m, 22. V.2017, O.G. Gorbunov & K.A. Efetov leg.; 1 ♀, Kirovskoye District, Staryy Krym, Agarmysh Mt., 45°02.27′ N, 035°03.20′ E, 685 m, 9. VI.2017, O.G. Gorbunov & A.N. Zamesov leg. ( CKES); 2 ♂♂, Belogorsk District, Sary-Kaya, 45°06.007′ N, 034°33.024′ E, 243 m, 15. V.2021, ex pupae from exit tubes on roots of Rhamnus cathartica ( Rhamnaceae ), moths emerged 27 and 29. V.2021, O.G. Gorbunov & K.A. Efetov leg.; Sesiidae pictures №№ 0217-0220–2021 ( COGM); 1 ♂, Belogorsk District, Alan-Kyr Mt., 45°5.901′ N, 34°45.033′ E, 251 m, 12. V.2025, ex pupae from exit tube on a root of Rhamnus cathartica ( Rhamnaceae ), moth emerged 24. V.2025, O.G. Gorbunov & K.A. Efetov leg. ( COGM); 2 old exit tubes on roots of Rhamnus cathartica ( Rhamnaceae ), Simferopol’ District, Petropavlovka, 44°53.744′ N, 34°8.842′ E, 317 m, 13. V.2025, O.G. Gorbunov & K.A. Efetov leg. ( COGM); 1 ♂, Simferopol’ District, Petropavlovka, 44°53.989′ N, 34°8.745′ E, 333 m, 13. V.2025, ex pupae from exit tube on a root of Rhamnus cathartica ( Rhamnaceae ), moth emerged 22. V.2025, O.G. Gorbunov & K.A. Efetov leg. ( COGM); 1 ♀, Simferopol’ District, Obryv, 44°54.485′ N, 34°6.134′ E, 330 m, 14. V.2025, ex pupae from exit tube on a root of Rhamnus cathartica ( Rhamnaceae ), moth emerged 27. V.2025, O.G. Gorbunov leg. ( COGM); 1 old exit tube on a root of Rhamnus cathartica ( Rhamnaceae ), Belogorsk District, Aromatnoye, 45°2.203′ N, 34°24.523′ E, 301 m, 15. V.2025, An. V.Yena ( COGM).

City of Sevastopol’: 1 old exit tube on a root of Rhamnus cathartica ( Rhamnaceae ), Frontovoye, 44°40.34′ N, 33°43.71′ E, 107 m, 13. V.2016, O.G. Gorbunov leg. ( COGM); 1 old exit tube on a root of Rhamnus cathartica ( Rhamnaceae ), Verkhnesadovoye, 44°40.577′ N, 33°41.989′ E, 100 m, 17. V.2025, O.G. Gorbunov & K.A. Efetov leg. ( COGM).

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Mr Pavel V. Ruchko (Kerch’, Crimea) and Mr Aleksey N. Zamesov (Moscow, Russia) for their assistance in collecting material of clearwing moths. We are also grateful to Dr Aleksey Yu. Matov and Dr Sergey Yu. Sinev (St. Petersburg, Russia) for the opportunity to work with the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Many thanks to Prof. Dr Andrey V. Yena (Simferopol, Crimea) for his help in determining the host plants of the Crimean Sesiidae and participation in collecting trips. We are also indebted to Mr Matvey M. Kaurov (Simferopol, Crimea) and Dr Anatoly V. Krupitsky (Moscow, Russia) for carefully checking the English of an advanced draft .

The research of the first author was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (project № 1022061500172-3-1.6.19).

The study was conducted using the equipment of the Electron Microscopy Room of the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia).

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