Corinnomma hamulatum ( Song & Zhu, 1992 )

Corinnomma hamulatum ( Song & Zhu, 1992) View in CoL

Castianeira hamulata Song & Zhu, 1992: 107, figs. 1–4 (♂ ♀); Song and Li (1997): 420, fig. 25 A – D (♂ ♀); Song et al. (1999): 429, figs. 254 O – P and 255 E – F (♂ ♀).

Corinnomma severum (Thorell, 1877) - Deeleman-Reinhold (2001): 318, figs. 464–471 [♂ ♀, misidentification, considered as a senior synonym of Castianeira hamulatum and Corinnomma tiranglupa (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995)]; Wang et al. (2012): 38, figs. 1 A and 2 A – I (♂ ♀, misidentification). View in CoL View Cited Treatment

Castianeira severum Yin et al. (2012): 1131, fig. 601 a – f (♂ ♀, misidentification).

Materials

Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IZCAS-Ar 9033 ; recordedBy: Anonymous; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; previousIdentifications: Castianeira hamulata ; occurrenceID: 85711125-386B-5991-891C-0586F9ECD9E4; Taxon: scientificName: Corinnomma hamulatum ; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Hubei; county: Xuan'en; verbatimCoordinates: 109.7269 ° E, 29.7986 ° N; Identification: identifiedBy: Yejie Lin; dateIdentified: 2024; Event: year: 1989; month: 5; day: 25; Record Level: institutionCode: IZCAS GoogleMaps

Type status: Allotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IZCAS-Ar 9034 ; recordedBy: Anonymous; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; previousIdentifications: Castianeira hamulata ; occurrenceID: 377A8C84-90F4-5311-85FF-EA556EEA2A2E; Taxon: scientificName: Corinnomma hamulatum ; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Hubei; county: Xuan'en; verbatimCoordinates: 109.7269 ° E, 29.7986 ° N; Identification: identifiedBy: Yejie Lin; dateIdentified: 2024; Event: year: 1989; month: 5; day: 25; Record Level: institutionCode: IZCAS GoogleMaps

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IZCAS-Ar 9035 ; recordedBy: Anonymous; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; previousIdentifications: Castianeira hamulata ; occurrenceID: 2DB91067-6DD2-5371-BAB6-D4521DE4A9CB; Taxon: scientificName: Corinnomma hamulatum ; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Hubei; county: Xianfeng; municipality: Maheba Village; verbatimElevation: 394 m; verbatimCoordinates: 109.2500 ° E, 29.7627 ° N; Identification: identifiedBy: Yejie Lin; dateIdentified: 2024; Event: year: 1989; month: 6; day: 4; Record Level: institutionCode: IZCAS GoogleMaps

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Zhaoyi Li, Hui Wang, and Yang Chen; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; previousIdentifications: Corinnomma sp. ; occurrenceID: 529E7D31-6697-5669-BECC-FD059F5F05C0; Taxon: scientificName: Corinnomma hamulatum ; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Hunan; county: Sangzhi; municipality: Xijie Forest Farm; verbatimCoordinates: 110.1826 ° E, 29.3945 ° N; Identification: identifiedBy: Yejie Lin; dateIdentified: 2024; Event: year: 2018; month: 11; day: 9; Record Level: institutionCode: MHBU GoogleMaps

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Xiaoqi Mi, Hua Wang, and Mingyong Liao leg.; individualCount: 4; sex: 3 males, 1 female; lifeStage: adult; previousIdentifications: Corinnomma severum ; occurrenceID: A94A2EDF-43B2-50B0-A156-BF4F8B0AD634; Taxon: scientificName: Corinnomma hamulatum ; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Guizhou; county: Jiangkou; municipality: Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve; Identification: identifiedBy: Yejie Lin; dateIdentified: 2024; Event: year: 2011; month: 5; day: 11; Record Level: institutionCode: TRU

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Yongjing Zhang; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; previousIdentifications: Castianeira severum ; occurrenceID: 266884E4-3390-570F-BFC2-102F46B26284; Taxon: scientificName: Corinnomma hamulatum ; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Hunan; county: Tongdao; municipality: Mujiao Township; Identification: identifiedBy: Yejie Lin; dateIdentified: 2024; Event: year: 1996; month: 6; day: 4; Record Level: institutionCode: HNU

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Liansuo Gong; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; previousIdentifications: Castianeira severum ; occurrenceID: BC8E2DA1-3CA1-5878-BAD9-00ED8E367229; Taxon: scientificName: Corinnomma hamulatum ; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Hunan; county: Jiangyong; Identification: identifiedBy: Yejie Lin; dateIdentified: 2024; Event: year: 1991; month: 10; day: 13; Record Level: institutionCode: HNU

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Qingtian We; individualCount: 5; sex: 1 male, 4 females; lifeStage: adult; previousIdentifications: Corinnomma sp. ; occurrenceID: AA1EEE86-99BD-5BFF-A60D-DACAB9B0BD46; Taxon: scientificName: Corinnomma hamulatum ; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Chongqing; county: Beibei; municipality: Jinyun Mountain; Identification: identifiedBy: Yejie Lin; dateIdentified: 2024; Event: year: 2021; month: 9; day: 23; Record Level: institutionCode: CYJL

Description

Male (allotype). Total length 6.99 (7.05 with clypeus); carapace 3.42 long, 2.07 wide, opisthosoma 3.57 long, 2.14 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.18, ALE 0.11, PME 0.12, PLE 0.13; AME – AME 0.17, AME – ALE 0.05, PME – PME 0.26, PME – PLE 0.14, AME – PME 0.19, ALE – PLE 0.10. MOA 0.44 long, front width 0.45, back width 0.47. Clypeus height 0.15. Chelicerae with three promarginal (middle largest, distal smallest) and two retromarginal teeth (same size). Leg measurements: I 8.39 (2.26, 0.83, 2.07, 1.97, 1.26), II 7.67 (2.10, 0.78, 1.86, 1.77, 1.16), III 7.10 (1.94, 0.66, 1.76, 1.77, 0.97), IV 9.93 (2.68, 0.89, 2.24, 2.96, 1.16). Spination: femur I do 3 pl 1, II do 3, III do 3 pl 2 rl 2, IV do 3 pl 2 rl 2; patella III do 1; tibia I do 1 plv 3 rlv 3, II do 1 plv 3 rlv 2, III plv 2 rlv 2 pl 1 rl 1, IV plv 2 rlv 2 pl 1 rl 1; metatarsi I – II plv 2 rlv 2, III plv 3 rlv 3 pl 2 rl 2, IV plv 3 rlv 3 pl 3 rl 3.

Colouration (Fig. 4 View Figure 4 A and B). Carapace medially reddish-brown, with dark-brown margins and covered with dense short white hairs. Eye region black. Fovea longitudinal, black. Radial furrow indistinct. Chelicerae reddish-brown. Endites reddish-brown. Labium broader than long, reddish-brown. Sternum reddish-brown, with truncated anterior margin and pointed posterior end. Coxae of legs I – II yellowish-brown, that of legs III – IV dark-brown, femora dark-brown, remaining segments reddish-brown, all covered with dense short white hairs. Opisthosoma grey-brown, pear-shaped, scutum strongly sclerotised, dorsal scutum covering almost 9 / 10 of opisthosoma, with yellow and white short hairs, ventral scutum covering almost 1 / 2 of opisthosoma, with white short hairs in the anterior region. Spinnerets reddish-brown.

Palp (Figs 1 View Figure 1 , 2 View Figure 2 ). Femur with two spines dorsally, five times longer than wide. Patella slightly curved, 1.5 times longer than wide, with three spines dorsally. Tibia two times longer than wide, with a spine prolaterally, at one third of tibia. Cymbium almost three times longer than wide, with distinct subulate retrobasal paracymbial spine, without ridge. Subtegulum covered by tegulum, not obvious. Tegulum pear-shaped. Sperm duct with three curves, a constriction present near the embolus. Embolus S-shaped, helically twisted, with two bends in ventral view, almost 1 / 4 of the bulb.

Female (holotype). Total length 8.26 (8.28 with clypeus); carapace 3.81 long, 2.46 wide, opisthosoma 4.45 long, 3.33 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.19, ALE 0.12, PME 0.12, PLE 0.12; AME – AME 0.21, AME – ALE 0.03, PME – PME 0.33, PME – PLE 0.18, AME – PME 0.19, ALE – PLE 0.12. MOA 0.43 long, front width 0.52, back width 0.58. Clypeus height 0.17. Chelicerae with three promarginal (middle largest, distal smallest) and two retromarginal teeth (same size). Leg measurements: I 8.97 (2.42, 0.91, 2.28, 2.07, 1.29), II 8.61 (2.42, 0.90, 2.06, 1.94, 1.29), III 7.68 (2.10, 0.85, 1.76, 1.87, 1.10), IV 11.15 (3.06, 1.02, 2.55, 3.17, 1.35). Spination: femur I do 4, II do 3 pl 1, III do 3 pl 1 rl 1, IV do 1 pl 1 rl 1; patella I do 1, III do 2; tibia I do 1 plv 2 rlv 2, II plv 2 rlv 3, III do 1 pl 2 rl 2, IV do 1 plv 3 rlv 3 pl 2 rl 2; metatarsi I – II plv 2 rlv 2, III plv 3 rlv 3 pl 2 rl 3, IV do 1 plv 3 rlv 3 pl 3 rl 3.

Colouration (Fig. 4 View Figure 4 C and D). As in male.

Epigyne (Fig. 3 View Figure 3 A and B). Epigynal plate rectangular. Copulatory openings at middle of epigynal plate, with 6 - shaped rims. Copulatory ducts C-shaped, attached to spermathecae I. Spermathecae I curved, contiguous. Spermathecae II sac-like, with straight, wrinkled and contiguous proximal and diverging globular distal parts. Fertilisation duct semi-circular, lying on Spermathecae II.

Diagnosis

Corinnomma hamulatum stat. rest. resembles C. severum and C. spirale Zhang, Jin & Zhang, 2022 in having transverse stripes on the abdomen; male embolic tip curved and the length ratio of the basal coils to the distal coils is approximately 1: 3; female with curved copulatory ducts.

However, the male can be distinguished by the retrobasal paracymbial spine conical, ridge absent (Fig. 2 View Figure 2 A and B) [vs. tongue-shaped, ridge present in C. severum (see Zhang et al. (2022): figs. 9 A and B)], the length ratio of the embolus to the bulb is approximately 1: 0.2 ventrally (Fig. 1 View Figure 1 B) [vs. 1: 0.1 in C. severum [see Zhang et al. (2022): fig. 4 B)], the distal fold almost 120 ° curved (Fig. 2 View Figure 2 C) (vs. 90 ° curved in C. spirale [see Zhang et al. (2022): fig. 10 E)] and basal fold almost 90 ° curved ventrally (Fig. 2 View Figure 2 C) [vs. 110 ° curved in C. severum (see Zhang et al. (2022): fig. 4 B)]. The females can be further distinguished by the length-to-width ratio of the copulatory opening being 1: 0.4 (Fig. 3 View Figure 3 A) [vs. 1.0. 6 in C. severum (see Zhang et al. (2022): fig. 4 D)] and the C-shaped copulatory ducts (Fig. 3 View Figure 3 B) (vs. S-shaped in C. spirale (see Zhang et al. (2022): fig. 8 D)].

Distribution

China (Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Guizhou) (Fig. 5 View Figure 5 ).

Biology

Hunting during the day, mimicking ants. (Fig. 6 View Figure 6 ).

Taxon discussion

COI-based phylogenetic analysis revealed two primary clades: one comprising Corinnomma severum and the other encompassing three species ( C. simplex Zhang, Jin & Zhang, 2022 , C. spirale Zhang, Jin & Zhang, 2022 and C. hamulatum stat. rest.) (Suppl. material 1). Poisson Tree Processes (PTP) delimitation using 38 COI sequences identified six species (Table 1 View Table 1 ), excluding two outgroups (KY 017624.1, KY 017615.1). The delimited species include C. simplex (YNM 112, YNM 115), C. spirale (YNM 106, YNM 190, YNM 111), C. severum (YNM 116, YNM 110, YNM 113, YNM 114, YNM 162, YNM 163, YNM 164, YNM 165, YNM 167, YNM 170, YNM 175, YNM 178, YNM 180, YNM 181, YNM 182, YNM 192, YNM 193) and C. hamulatum stat. rest. (YNM 169, YNM 172, YNM 173, YNM 177, YNM 183, YNM 184, YNM 185, YNM 186, YNM 187, YNM 188, YNM 189, YNM 194, YNM 195, YNM 251). Statistical support for this delimitation was significant (Null-model score: 77.691; Best single coalescent rate score: 105.008; LRT p-value: <0.001), showing partial congruence with previous findings in Zhang et al. (2022).

Notes

As the paratype label does not match the handwritten label (Fig. 4 View Figure 4 G and I), the handwritten label takes precedence.

Comments

The recent re-examination of the type specimens of Co. hamulatum has revealed that it is different from Co. severum and should be recognised as a valid species. Consequently, the validity of Co. hamulatum stat. rest. is hereby restored.