Cyclidinus lugubris Westwood, 1874

Cyclidinus lugubris Westwood, 1874 View in CoL

( Figures 4 View Figure 4 , 6 View Figure 6 , 31 View Figure 31 (B, C, E))

Cyclidinus lugubris Westwood, 1874, p. 56 View in CoL (original combination)

Genuchinus muzo Krikken, 1981: 113 View in CoL (new junior subjective synonym)

Taxonomic history

Westwood 1874, p. 56 (original description). – Schenkling 1921: 375 (catalogue). – Basilewsky 1956: 52 (catalogue). – Krikken 1976: 307–315 (taxonomic revision). – Krikken 1981: 411 (taxonomic review). – Krajčik 1999: 42 (catalogue). – Carvajal et al. 2011: 297 (catalogue). – Di Iorio 2013: 87 (distribution and references). – Rodrigues et al. 2023 (catalogue). – Schoolmeesters 2024 (catalogue).

Diagnosis

Cyclidinus lugubris is recognised by the following combination of characters: Body dorsally covered with mustard yellow velutinous coating and black spots ( Figure 4 View Figure 4 ); clypeolateral declivity steeply sloping down; mentum with posterior margin broadly ‘V’-shaped and thickened.

Redescription

Size: length: 13.8– 12.3 mm; width: 7.4– 6.6 mm. Colour: Body dorsally covered with mustard yellow velutinous coating and black spots ( Figure 4 View Figure 4 (A)); ventrally black, dark reddish brown, or one of these colours covered with mustard yellow velutinous coating ( Figure 4 View Figure 4 (B)). Head: Clypeal projection bent upwards in frontal view, apex without sinuosity; clypeolateral declivity steeply sloping down; mentum with posterior margin broadly ‘V’-shaped and thickened, rounded at the other corners. Elytra: Variable velutinous pattern. Pygidium: With two parallel protuberances at the centre.

Morphological variation

The mustard yellow velutinous coating can be scraped off in some specimens ( Figure 31 View Figure 31 (B–C)).

Geographical distribution

Cyclidinus lugubris is known from Amazon Forest, in the North of Brazil, Colombia, and French Guiana, found in the biogeographical provinces of Guiana Lowlands, Imeri, Madeira and Roraima. In Colombia, C. lugubris is recorded outside of Amazon Forest ( one specimen from Magdalena biogeographical province) ( Figure 6 View Figure 6 ).

Natural history

The species has been collected via flight interception traps.

Remarks

The type specimen of Genuchinus muzo (synonymised here with Cyclidinus lugubris ) was collected by Steinheil from Muzo. However, the locality of this specimen is questionable, as there is biogeographical uncertainty regarding whether Cyclidinus lugubris occurs on both sides of the Andes. Although this distribution pattern is not that uncommon, as observed in other species of Cyclidius and even in other Scarabaeoidea species, it warrants further investigation.

Basilewsky (1956), in his study of the fauna of the National Upenba Park, reported the presence of Cyclidinus lugubris in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, the specimen he illustrated actually belonged to a species of Nyassinus Westwood 1879 . This confusion likely arose because both Cyclidinus lugubris and Nyassinus lugubris were described by Westwood in the subsequent years.

Type specimens examined (n = 2)

Holotype of Cyclidinus lugubris . ( Figure 31 View Figure 31 (B)) Labels [1: handwritten text on cream label] ‘ Cyclidinus lugubris Westw ♀ ’/[2: handwritten and printed text on cream label] ‘ Cyclidinus lugubris, Westw. t. 1912–1920. O.E. Janson’/[3: handwritten and printed text on white label] ‘[? unreadable] J. Krikken 1975’/[4: handwritten text on white label] ‘[? Unreadable] 7505’/[5: handwritten and printed text on cream label with red margin] ‘TYPE WESTWOOD Theo [? unreadable] P.56.T.11.8.4 Coll. Hope Oxon’./[6: handwritten and printed text on cream label with black margin] ‘TYPE: COL: 857 ½ Cyclidinus lugubris Westwood HOPE DEPT. OXFORD’ ( 1 ♀ at MNHN).

Holotype of Genuchinus muzo : ( Figures 31 View Figure 31 (C, E)) Labels [ COLOMBIA] [1: handwritten text on white label] ‘Muzo’/[2: handwritten text on white label] ‘Westwoodi Stainh’/[3: printed text on white label with black margin] ‘ExMusaeo E.Steinheil’/[4: printed text on white label] ‘Paris: MNHN’/[5: handwritten and printed text on white label] Genuchinus muzo sp.n. J. Krikken ms 1979 hOLOTYPE /[6: printed text on white label] ‘Type’ ( 1 ♂ at MNHN).

Non-type specimens examined (n = 8)

BRAZIL (05): Acre: Rio Branco , Faz .[Farm] Catuaba, ii .1997 , Vaz-de-Mello ( 1 ♀ CEMT 00192375 ); Amazonas: Manaus, ZF 2 Km14, 2°35 ʹ 21”S, 60°00 ʹ 55”W, susp flight interception trap 14 m high, 01–15 GoogleMaps .x GoogleMaps .2016, J.A. Rafael and F.F. Xavier F ° ( 2 ♀ CEMT 00192373–00192374 ); Tabatinga , ix .1956, F.M. Oliveira ( 1 ♀ CMNC) ; Mato Grosso: CotriguaÇu, Faz. São Nicolau, 9°48 ʹ 52”S; 58°15 ʹ 42”W, FIT, 21 .x .2012, F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello ( 1 ♀ CEMT 00192376 ); CotriguaÇu, Faz . São Nicolau, Matinha, FIT, x.2009, F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello (1 CERPE 0000015 ) . ECUADOR (01): Orellana: T.B.S. 200 m .s.n.m. [metros sobre el nivel del mar = meter above sea level] 27 − 09/10/2000, Colección Manual, Colt: Vladimir. Carvajal (1 MEPN 36210 ) . FRENCH GUIANA (02): [Cayenne]: [Wayabo] Piste des Singes Rouge , x .2000, Y. Ponchel ( 1 ♀ CMNC); [Wayabo] Piste des Singes , 12 .iv .2009, Y. Ponchel ( 1 ♀ CMNC); same but, Env . Cacao, Le Château, xi.2008, P . Bonin leg . (1 CERPE).