Cydia tonosticha, (Meyrick, 1922) (Meyrick, 1922)

Morphology View in CoL of the immatures

Egg: Flat and oval, firmly adhered to the leaf surface ( Fig. 39 View Figures 35–44 ), Average diameter + standard deviation = 0.70 ± 0.001 mm, n = 5.

Larva: Semiprognathous; there is only one morphotype without hypermetamorphic development, buccal apparatus of chewing type. At least four instars were identified through head capsule measurements.

Last instar: Average total length + standard deviation = 6.96 ± 0.16 mm; n = 5. Average head capsula length + standard deviation = 1.6 ± 0.004 mm; n = 5. Head brown, slightly flattened dorsoventrally, with deep epicranial notch. Fronto-clypeus triangular. Labrum bilobated, with rounded edges and bearing five pair of short setae ( Figs 7, 11 View Figures 5–21 ). Mandibles with four well-developed cusps, having one pair of setae on proximal base. Maxilla three-segmented, with prominent basal segment bearing a pair of setae, and medium segment bearing one seta. Labial palpi short ( Fig 8, 9 View Figures 5–21 ). Labium with tubular spinneret having a pair of setae on proximal base ( Figs 8, 9, 12 View Figures 5–21 ). Antenna two-segmented, with eight apical sensilla, one of them distinctively filiform and longer ( Figs 7, 10 View Figures 5–21 ). Six circular stemmata, three proximal, one lateral, two at antenna base ( Figs 6, 7, 13 View Figures 5–21 ). Head chaetotaxy of the last instar exhibits the typical pattern described for Tortricidae ( Patocka and Turcani 2005) ( Fig. 1 View Figures 1–4 ).

Thorax and abdomen cylindric, body creamy white in preserved material, bearing filiform setae, and integument sculptured with microtrichiae, except dorsally on T1 and A10. T1: bearing a light brown dorsal prothoracic shield, divided longitudinally ( Figs 5, 6 View Figures 5–21 ). A pair of lateral spiracles without elevated peritreme ( Fig. 14 View Figures 5–21 ). T1, T2, T3: legs present, with five well-developed setae on coxa, two on tibia, five on tarsus, all with a hook-shaped apical claw ( Figs 8, 15 View Figures 5–21 ); anterior base of coxae darker.

Thorax chaetotaxy of the last instar ( Fig. 1 View Figures 1–4 ): prothoracic shield with six pairs of setae. Dorsal group (D) bisetose; D1 short and D2 long. Extra dorsal group (XD) bisetose; both the same length. Subdorsal group (SD) bisetose; SD1 long and SD2 short. Lateral group (L) trisetose in pinnacle lateral to spiracle; L1 longer than others. Subventral group (SV) bisetose, inside the pinnacle; SV1 longer than SV2. Ventral group (V) unisetose, short, on the pinaculum. T2-3: Dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, subventral and ventral groups on pinacula. Dorsal group (D) bisetose; D2 longer than D1. Subdorsal group (SD) bisetose; SD1 longer than SD2. Lateral group (L) trisetose; L1 longer than others; L1 and L 2 in a pinnacle, and L 3 in other. Subventral group (SV) unisetose; SV1 long. Ventral group (V) unisetose, short, on pinacula.

Abdominal segments from A1 to A9 similar; A10 with a rounded anal shield ( Figs 17, 21 View Figures 5–21 ). Spiracles rounded, laterally present on A1-A8, without elevated peritreme; spiracle A8 similar in size to that of the prothorax and larger than those of A1-7. Pseudopodia present on A3-6 and A10; A3-6 crochet arranged in uniordinal circles ( Figs 16, 18 View Figures 5–21 ); A10 crochet arranged in uniordinal transverse bands ( Figs 17, 19, 20 View Figures 5–21 ).

Abdominal chaetotaxy of the last instar ( Fig. 1 View Figures 1–4 ): A1- A8: Dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, subventral and ventral groups inside pinnacles. Dorsal group (D) bisetose; D1 dorsal and D2 dorsolateral, in different pinnacles, D2 longer than D1. Subdorsal group (SD) unisetose, near and above spiracle, except on A8 where it is located lateral to the spiracle. Lateral group (L) trisetose; L1 and L 2 in one pinnacle under the spiracle, and L 3 in other pinnacle more ventral; L1 shorter than others. Subventral group (SV) with all setae about the same length; A1 bisetose, A2-A6 trisetose, A7 bisetose, and A8 unisetose. Ventral group (V) A1-A8 unisetose; with all setae about the same length. A9: Pinnacles of both D2 of each side united dorsally. D1 on the same pinnacle of SD1; SD1 longer than other setae. Lateral group (L) trisetose; L1 longer than others. Subventral group (SV) unisetose, long. Ventral group (V) unisetose, short. A10: Dorsal group (D) and subdorsal group (SD) bisetose; all setae long inside a very conspicuous anal shield. Lateral group (L) trisetose, all setae inside a large pinnacle. Subventral group (SV) trisetose, at proleg base Subventral group (SV) trisetose, at proleg base. Ventral group (V) unisetose.

Pupa: Average length + standard deviation = 6,74 ± 0.13 mm, n = 5. Obtect ( Figs 2, 3, 4 View Figures 1–4 ). Body brown and cylindrical ( Fig. 4 View Figures 1–4 ).

Head: front and clypeus smooth; cocoon cutter prominent and subtriangular ( Figs 23, 24, 25, 26 27 View Figures 22–34 ). Antennae not reaching the apex of the mesothoracic legs in length. Labrum subtriangular and narrow, with two pair of setae ( Figs 23, 25, 26 View Figures 22–34 ). Maxillae well developed. Maxillary palpi cuneiform. Labial palpi half the length of maxillae ( Fig. 23 View Figures 22–34 ).

Thorax: Pronotum as a narrow plate dorsally ( Fig. 22 View Figures 22–34 ). Forewings covering abdominal segments A1-A 3 in ventral view ( Fig. 3 View Figures 1–4 ); hindwing concealed by the forewings; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs broad, visible ventrally ( Fig. 3 View Figures 1–4 ); metathoracic legs mostly covered by the forewings, except the apex that reaches the abdominal segment A4.

Abdomen: Abdominal segments from A2 to A7 with two transversal rows of spines dorsally, the anterior one with spines slightly bigger than the posterior, A2 with rows less prominent than others ( Fig. 29 View Figures 22–34 ); A8 with only one row of spines ( Figs 30, 34 View Figures 22–34 ). One dorsolateral pair seta in the segments T2-T3; one dorsal pair of setae from A1 to A7; A8 with two dorsal pairs of dorsal setae. Abdominal spiracles without elevated peritreme, well developed in A2-7 ( Fig. 30 View Figures 22–34 ), vestigial in A8 ( Fig. 34 View Figures 22–34 ), all of them bearing one supraspiracular seta ( Fig. 30 View Figures 22–34 ), two pairs of subspiracular setae present from A4 to A7; microsetae ventrally present from A5 to A8 ( Figs 28, 31 View Figures 22–34 ). Terminus bearing four spines dorsally, and one pair of spines lateroventrally ( Figs 32, 33, 34 View Figures 22–34 ); cremaster with one pair of dorsal setae, one pair of lateral setae and two pairs ventral setae.

Life history

Native to the Atlantic Forest Biome, C. leptophylla is a widely spread species of Fabaceae . Mainly due to its ornamental appearance, it is commonly used in afforestation and urban decoration of streets and parks ( Figs 35, 36 View Figures 35–44 ). The species also has an ecological importance and is used to restore degraded areas. In natural environments, it occurs in secondary formations, mainly in mixed rainforest regions ( Lorenzi 2002). The plant has indehiscent pods, which do not expose their seeds in both periods (pre and post dispersive) ( Figs 36, 37 View Figures 35–44 ); such pods are rigid and highly resistant, normally reaching more than 40 cm in length and harbor dozens of seeds ( Fig. 37 View Figures 35–44 ).

Adults of C. tonosticha ( Fig. 38 View Figures 35–44 ) oviposit on the pods of C. leptophylla ( Fig. 39 View Figures 35–44 ) in both dispersive periods. The larvae ( Fig. 41 View Figures 35–44 ) initially pierce and feed on the pod and its internal tissues and later pierce the seed coat, then accessing the endosperm and other structures ( Figs 40, 41 View Figures 35–44 ). Dissection of pods facilitate the observation of where seeds have been or not predated ( Fig. 42 View Figures 35–44 ).

In the last instar, the larva weaves the cocoon inside the pod, where it was previously occupied by the seed that was preyed upon ( Fig. 42 View Figures 35–44 ). The cocoon has a circular operculum ( Fig. 42 View Figures 35–44 ) which, before the emergence of the adult, is opened by the pupa ( Fig. 43 View Figures 35–44 ). In this process, the exuvia is partially protracted out of the opening in the pod ( Fig. 44 View Figures 35–44 ).