Cyrtandra kipahuluensis H. St. John

Cyrtandra kipahuluensis H. St. John View in CoL , Pacific Sci. 25: 52. 1971.

Figs 1 View Figure 1 , 2 View Figure 2

Cyrtandra rotata H. St. John View in CoL , Pacific Sci. 25: 56. 1971. Type. Hawaiian Islands: • Maui, East Maui: Ridge right side, Kipahulu [Valley], 17 Nov 1919, C. N. Forbes 1662. M ( holotype: BISH 474907 !) .

Type.

Hawaiian Islands, Maui, East Maui: • Ridge on right side of Kipahulu Valley , 20 Nov 1919, C. N. Forbes 1692. M ( holotype: BISH 77822 !; isotypes: A!, BISH!, E!, K!) .

Description.

Shrubs 0.75–1.75 m tall; stems square, rarely (West Maui) terete, unbranched to few-branched. Leaves opposite, ± well-spaced; those at a node slightly unequal, symmetrical, thin, chartaceous, elliptic, occasionally elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblanceolate, 8.5–28.1 cm long, 3–11.3 cm wide, upper surface sparsely to moderately brown hirtellous, lower surface sparsely to moderately pilose to hirtellous mainly along primary and secondary veins, margins finely serrate, apex broadly acuminate, base short to long attenuate, petioles (1.1 –) 2.2–6.6 (– 9.3) cm long. Flowers solitary, occasionally 2 (– 5) in cymes arising in the leaf axils, occasionally along stems, sparsely to moderately brown pilose, peduncles 3–15 (– 21) mm long, pedicels 10–20 (– 24–25) mm long, bracts foliaceous, oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 5–12 mm long; calyx zygomorphic, persistent after anthesis, in anthesis light green to whitish green, 10–21 mm long, glabrous to occasionally moderately brown pilose primarily along veins, occasionally glandular within, upper lip consisting of 3, ¾ connate lobes 10–21 mm long; lower lip consisting of 2 lobes separating nearly to the base, 10–21 mm long; apex of all lobes rounded; corolla white, tube narrowly funnelform, curved near middle, 16–27 mm long, ca. 3–7 (– 9) mm in diameter medially, adaxial surface short brown pilose, upper lobes broadly elliptic, 4.5–10 (– 20) mm long, 5–7 mm wide, lateral lobes broadly elliptic, 4–11 mm long, 5.5–8 mm wide, lower lobes broadly elliptic, 4–11 mm long, 4–6 mm wide; ovary glabrous; style ca. 2.5–5 mm long, glabrous. Berries white, ellipsoid, ca. 2 cm long, glabrous, when dry minutely papillate at high magnification. Seeds ca. 0.05 mm long.

Specimens examined.

Hawaiian Islands, Maui: East Maui: Hana District: • Kipahulu Valley, lower shelf, southwest of Fern Camp, across central pali stream , 846 m, 26 July 2017, Oppenheimer H 71706 ( HALE) ; • Kaapahu , 23 August 1995, Medeiros & Chimera ( HALE) ; • Ko’olau Forest Reserve, western tributary headwaters of Waiokamilo Stream , along small streams in damp, mossy gulch bottoms, 1071 m, 23 Oct 2007, Oppenheimer et al. H 100715 ( US) ; • West fork of East Wailua Iki Stream , 671 m, 26 Jun 2015, Oppenheimer & Bustamente H 61524 ( PTBG [2], US) , 1189 m, 29 Nov 2007, Wood & Oppenheimer 12654 ( PTBG) ; • Wailua Nui region, headwaters above Waiokamilo and Kano Stream , 1158 m, 24 Oct 2007, Wood et al. 12601 ( PTBG) , 1158 m, 24 Oct 2007, Wood et al. 12597 ( PTBG, US) ; • Tributary of west Wailua iki , 785 m, 19 Dec 2019, Oppenheimer & Severson H 121905 ( PTBG) ; • Kano Stream , 671 m, 24 Jun 2015, Oppenheimer & Bustamente H 61518 ( PTBG, US) ; • Hana Forest Reserve, Waihoi Valley , 1,064 m, 13 Mar 2024, Brokaw et al. 182 ( BISH, NY, PTBG, US) ; • Below ungulate control fence downstream from waterfall on south side of valley, base of pali below Kaumakani , 884 m, 23 Sep 2014, Oppenheimer H 91413 ( PTBG) ; • South side , 27 Dec 2017, Oppenheimer H 121706 ( US) ; • Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, Kuhiwa Valley, Kuhiwa Stream , 1044 m, 3 Dec 2013, Oppenheimer et al. H 121304 ( PTBG) ; • Western Kuhiwa drainage basin , 1109 m, 2 Mar 2021, Oppenheimer H 32102 View Materials ( PTBG) ; • Koolau Gap, Keanae Valley, east Piinaau drainages , 25 Sep 2007, Wood et al. 12567 ( PTBG) ; • Keanae Valley, east Piinaau drainages , 914 m, 25 Sep 2007, Wood et al. 12571 ( PTBG) ; • Kipahulu, Palikea Drainage , 890–930 m, 20 May 1994, Wood et al. 3205 ( PTBG) ; West Maui: Wailuku District: • Waihee Valley, very back of valley , 893 m, 26–27 Mar 1997, Wood et al. 6121 ( PTBG) ; • Very back of valley , 26–27 Mar 1997, Wood et al. 6105 - A ( US) ; • Waihee Valley , 776 m, 12 Mar 2024, Brokaw et al. 161 ( BISH); Brokaw et al. 162 ( US); Brokaw et al. 163 ( PTBG); Brokaw et al. 164 ( US); Brokaw et al. 168 ( US) ; • Back of valley on large flat plateau , wet forest, 777 m, 17 Nov 2011, Oppenheimer et al. H 111109 ( PTBG) ; • South side , in open, muddy area formerly disturbed by feral pigs, 786 m, 16 Feb 2005, Oppenheimer & Hansen H 20506 ( PTBG) ; • Back of valley below Kahoolewa ridge on south side of stream , 803 m, 19 May 2009, Perlman & Oppenheimer 21640 ( PTBG) .

Phenology.

Cyrtandra kipahuluensis has been observed to be flowering in March, May, June, and from September to December, with fruit maturation observed in March and December.

Etymology.

The specific epithet is derived from the type locality, Kipahulu Valley, followed by the Latin suffix “ - ensis ” to indicate origin.

Discussion.

Affinities. In the most recent full treatment of Hawaiian species of Cyrtandra ( Wagner et al. 1990, 1999), six sections were recognized following the work of Clarke (1883), Hillebrand (1888), and St. John (1966). These were based on shared morphological characters among members of each of the sections: Verticillatae H. St. John, Cylindrocalyces Hillebr., Crotonocalyces Hillebr., Apertae C. B. Clarke, Macrosepalae C. B. Clarke, and Chaetocalyces Hillebr.

Cyrtandra kipahuluensis appears to be morphologically similar to species in sect. Macrosepalae C. B. Clarke due to its cylindrical bud that gradually tapers to an attenuate apex and its persistent calyx after anthesis. The only species currently classified in Macrosepalae C. B. Clarke in Maui are C. grayana Hillebr. , C. grayi , C. hashimotoi Rock , and C. spathulata . Cyrtandra grayana , C. grayi , and C. hashimotoi are similar in having calyces and lobes divided to the base, as in the two lower calyx lobes of C. kipahuluensis , but differ in being actinomorphic or nearly so. The last species in this section on Maui, C. spathulata , is compared and contrasted alongside C. macrocalyx Hillebr. in Table 1 View Table 1 . Cyrtandra macrocalyx is included in this table because the initial specimen that initiated this study was originally misidentified as C. macrocalyx due to similarities of the calyx in this species to that of C. kipahuluensis .

Distribution and ecology

(Fig. 3 View Figure 3 ). Occurring in lowland and montane wet forests and gulches of East Maui from Waihoi Valley, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, and Ko’olau Forest Reserve, and from West Maui, in Waihe’e Valley. Cyrtandra kipahuluensis occurs in Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn. ( Myrtaceae ) and Acacia koa A. Gray montane wet forest at ca. 670–1190 m elevation. The habitat of C. kipahuluensis is typically dominated by Cheirodendron trigynum (Gaudich.) A. Heller subsp. trigynum , species of Geniostoma ( Loganiaceae ), Diplazium Sw. ( Athyriaceae ), Clermontia arborescens (H. Mann) Hillebr. subsp. waihiae (Wawra) Lammers , Clermontia micrantha (Hillebr.) Rock ( Campanulaceae ), Perrottetia sandwicensis A. Gray ( Dipentodontaceae ), Hydrangea arguta (Gaudich.) Y. De Smet & Granados ( Hydrangeaceae ), Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. ( Piperaceae ), Dicranopteris Bernh. ( Polypodiaceae ), Coprosma ochracea W. R. B. Oliv. , Kadua Cham. & Schltdl. , Psychotria L. ( Rubiaceae ), Melicope clusiifolia (A. Gray) T. G. Hartley & B. C. Stone , Melicope molokaiensis (Hillebr.) T. G. Hartley & B. C. Stone , Melicope ovalis (H. St. John) T. G. Hartley & B. C. Stone ( Rutaceae ), Pipturus albidus (Hook. & Arn.) A. Gray ( Urticaceae ), and Machaerina gahniiformis Gaudich.

Hybridization

Wagner et al. (1990) previously considered the type to be a putative hybrid between C. spathulata and C. paludosa var. paludosa . In the case of the type of C. kipahuluensis , it was the only known collection at the time with the unique calyx morphology and thought to be a hybrid between a species with an actinomorphic calyx, C. spathulata , and one with a zygomorphic calyx, C. paludosa var. paludosa . With the discovery of other localities of plants with this unique calyx morphology and numerous individuals with consistent characters in populations, it is evident that the type of C. kipahuluensis is not a putative hybrid. Further exploration has led to a number of known populations of C. kipahuluensis that occur sympatrically with a number of other Cyrtandra species ( C. grayana Hillebr. , C. grayi , C. hashimotoi Rock , C. hawaiensis C. B. Clarke , C. paludosa var. paludosa , C. platyphylla A. Gray , and C. spathulata ).

Potential hybrids with C. kipahuluensis have limited observations, with variation in the number of flowers per cyme that may be a result of hybridization with species in its vicinity but may also simply represent morphological variation within the species. Putative hybridization has been hypothesized with C. hashimotoi , C. paludosa var. paludosa , C. platyphylla , and C. spathulata based on collections with intermediate morphology growing sympatrically with the putative parents.

Putative hybrid specimens examined

The designations of most hybrids are hypotheses in need of further testing. There is not a current understanding of the direction of crosses; thus, the putative hybrids here are listed in an alphabetic manner.

C. hashimotoi × C. kipahuluensis

Specimen examined. West Maui, Wailuku District, Waihe’e Valley, 784 m, Brokaw 169 (US).

C. kipahuluensis × C. paludosa var. paludosa

Specimen examined. West Maui, Wailuku District, Waihe’e Valley, 810 m, Brokaw 174 ( BISH), Brokaw 176 ( BISH).

C. kipahuluensis × C. platyphylla

Specimen examined. West Maui, Wailuku District, Waihe’e Valley, 810 m, Brokaw 175 ( BISH).

C. kipahuluensis × C. spathulata

Specimen examined. East Maui, Hana District, Waihoi Valley, 1,124 m, Brokaw 179 ( BISH).