Erechthias flavimacula, Park & Yagi & Hirowatari, 2025

Erechthias flavimacula sp. nov.

Figs 13–16 View Figures 9–16 , 23–24 View Figures 17–24 , 25–26 View Figures 25, 26 , 34 View Figures 31–34 , 42 View Figures 39–42 , 50 View Figures 43–50 , 51 View Figure 51 , 52 Japanese name: Kimon-tsumaorega View Figure 52

Type material.

Holotype: Japan: 1 ♂, Tokyo Met., Ogasawara Isls., Chichijima Is., Asahiyama , Host coll. on 9.III.2023, Emrg. on 4.IV.2023, Host: dead wood, J. - H. Park leg., genitalia slide no. JP-325, ELKU . Paratypes; Japan: [Tokyo]: 1 ♀, Izu Isls., Hachijojima Is., Mihara-rindo , alt. 300 m, 19.X.2023, LT, K. Hirai leg., DNA sample JHP-209, ELKU • [Ogasawara Isls.]: [ Nakodojima Is. ]: 4 ♂ 2 ♀, 16.VII.2024, SW, J. - H. Park leg., JHP-208 (♂), ELKU • 2 ♂ 4 ♀, same locality, 16.VII.2024, S. Yagi leg., ELKU • [ Ototojima Is. ]: 2 ♂ 3 ♀, 28.IX.2023, daytime research, Y. Matsui leg., JHP-205 (♀), ELKU • 1 ♂ 10 ♀, 12–13.VII.2024, J. - H. Park leg., JP-324 (♀) ELKU • 1 ♂, same locality, 12.VII.2024, Y. Matsui leg., ELKU • [ Anijima Is. ]: 1 ♂ 1 ♀, alt. 162 m, 20.VI.2022, Beating: dead leaves of Livistona chinensis var. boninensis , S. Tomura leg., JP-170 (♀), JHP-277 (♀), museum ID ELKU -I-L-Bonin 000077 (♀), ELKU • 1 ♂, same locality, 20.VI.2022, S. Yagi leg., JP-169, JHP-276, ELKU -I-L-Boonin 000076 , ELKU • 1 ♂, North of C Line , Host coll. on 11.III.2023, Emrg. on 6.IV.2023, Host: Gahnia aspera , S. Yagi leg., JHP-105, ELKU • 2 ♀, Mt. Omaru-yama , 10.VII.2024, Sweeping, Yu Hisasue leg., ELKU • [Chichijima Is.]: 1 ♂, Asahiyama , 26.VI.2022, Beating: dead leaves of Livistona chinensis var. boninensis or Pandanus boninensis S. Tomura leg., ELKU • 1 ♂, same data, JP-172, JHP-279, ELKU -I-L-Bonin 000079 , ELKU • 1 ♀, same locality, Coll. on 26.VI.2022, Emrg. on 1.V.2023, Host: dead wood bark, JP-131, JHP-083, ELKU • 1 ♂, same locality, Host coll. on 9.III.2023, Emrg. on 4.IV.2023, Host: dead wood, J. - H. Park leg., ELKU • 1 ♂ 3 ♀, same locality, 11.VI.2023, SW, J. - H. Park leg., ELKU • 1 ♀, Mikazukiyama , 13.VI.2023, M. Kimura leg., ELKU • 2 ♂ 4 ♀, same locality, 13.VI.2023, J. - H. Park leg., JHP-086 (♂), museum ID ELKU - I-L- 000186 (♀), ELKU • 1 ♂, Ohgiura , 18–31.VII.2023, N. Tsuji leg., ELKU • 1 ♂, Hatsuneura , Larvae coll on 19.VI.2022, Emrg. on 16.IX.2022, Host: bark + fungi, S. Tomura leg., ELKU • 1 ♀, Higashidaira , 26.VI.2022, T. Hirowatari leg., JP-019, DNA sample JHP-275, Museum ID ELKU -I-L-Bonin 000074 , ELKU • 1 ♀, same locality, Host coll. on 10.III.2023, Emrg. on 27.III.2023, Host: dead wood, J. - H. Park leg., ELKU • 1 ♀, Tatsumi road , 11.VI.2023, LT, J. - H. Park leg., ELKU • 1 ♂, Mt. Yoake-yama , Host coll. on 9.III.2023, Emrg. on 10.V.2023, Host: rotten wood, J. - H. Park leg., JP-130, JHP-085, ELKU • 1 ♂, Ôgamiyama , 11.VII.2024, daytime research, Y. Matsui leg., ELKU • 1 ♂, same locality, 12.VII.2024, Y. Matsui leg., ELKU • 2 ♂ 7 ♀, same locality, 11–16.VII.2024, MT, J. - H. Park leg., ELKU • [Hahajima Is.]: 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Minamizaki , 23.VI.2022, Beating: dead leaves of Livistona chinensis var. boninensis or Pandanus boninensis , S. Tomura leg., JP-327, ELKU • 2 ♂ 4 ♀, same locality, 10–11.XI.2022, SW, J. - H. Park leg., JHP-123 (♀), ELKU • 1 ♂, same locality, Host coll. on 10.XI.2022, Emrg. on 20.III.2023, Host: brown fungi, J. - H. Park leg., ELKU • 2 ♀, same locality, 10–11.XI.2022, T. Hirowatari leg., ELKU • 1 ♀, same locality, 12.XI.2022, T. Hirowatari leg., ELKU • 1 ♀, same locality, 15.III.2023, S. Yagi leg., ELKU -I-L-000185 ELKU • 1 ♀, Funamidai , Host coll. on 21.VI.2022, Emrg. on 1.VIII.2022, Host: bark of stump, S. Tomura leg., ELKU • 1 ♂, same data, Emrg. on 9.IX.2022, ELKU • 1 ♀, Funakiyama , 24.VI.2022, S. Tomura leg., Beating: dead leaves of Livistona chinensis var. boninensis or Pandanus boninensis , JP-171, JHP-278, ELKU -I-L-Bonin 000078 , ELKU • 1 ♂, same locality, 25.IX.2023, daytime search, Y. Matsui leg., ELKU • 1 ♀, Funakiyama chûfuku, 16.VI.2023, LT, J. - H. Park leg., ELKU • 2 ♀, Mt. Chibusa-yama , 9.XI.2022, SW, J. - H. Park leg., JHP-124 (♀), ELKU • 1 ♀, Nagahama tunnel , Coll. on 9.XI.2022, Emrg. on 24.I.2023, J. - H. Park leg., ELKU • 1 ♂, Mt. Chohki-yama , 22.VI.2022, LT, S. Tomura leg., ELKU • 1 ♀, same locality, 15.VI.2023, LT, J. - H. Park leg., ELKU • 2 ♀, Shinyûhigaoka , 14.VI.2023, LT, J. - H. Park leg., ELKU • 1 ♀, Higashikou , 9.XI.2022, SW, J. - H. Park leg., JHP-125, ELKU • 5 ♂, Kitakou , 16.VI.2023, T. Hirowatari leg., ELKU • [ Mukohjima Is. ]: 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 15.VI.2023, T. Hirowatari leg., JP-182 (♂), JHP-104 (♂), ELKU • 3 ♂ 3 ♀, same data, SW, S. Yagi leg., ELKU • 7 ♀, same data, J. - H. Park leg., ELKU • 1 ♀, same data, JP-181, JHP-103, ELKU • 3 ♂ 1 ♀, same data, Y. Matsui leg., JHP-204 (♀), ELKU • 1 ♀, 16.VII.2024, daytime research, Y. Matsui leg., ELKU • [ Hirajima Is. ]: 3 ♂ 2 ♀, 23.IX.2023, Y. Matsui leg., daytime search, JHP-206 (♂), ELKU • [ Minami-iwoto Is. ]: 1 ♂ 1 ♀, alt. 500 m, 17.VI.1982, M. Sato leg., Yutaka Arita Collection NSMT Donation, 2004, JP-195 (♀), 196 (♂), NSMT .

Diagnosis.

The new species is externally similar to E. epispora (Lower, 1905) , E. nidumicola sp. nov., and E. oculus sp. nov., but it can be distinguished by a combination of the following characteristics: the costal margin of the forewing with one or two narrow to broad triangular cream spots; the frenulum is a pair of slender bristles in females; the hindwing has secondary sexual scaling in males; the valva is relatively long, costal margin lacks lobe in the male genitalia; the signum is simple hook-shaped, and the corpus bursae is twisted and weakly sclerotized at the posterior 1 / 4 in the female genitalia.

Description.

Male. (Figs 13 View Figures 9–16 , 14 View Figures 9–16 , 23 View Figures 17–24 , 25 View Figures 25, 26 ) Forewing length 3.6 mm, antenna length 2.6 mm in holotype. Forewing length 3.2–4.1 mm (n = 5), antenna length 2.1–3.0 mm (n = 4) in paratypes. Head. Vertex cream to ocherous white, frons lighter than vertex; vertex with or without narrow gray bands. Labial palpus cream, second palpomere with robust brush hair, outer surface covered with dark brown to gray scales, and with few black bristles; basal 1 / 2 of third palpomere dark brown to gray. Antenna filiform; scape cream to ocherous white, notch absent; flagellomere cream, outer surface gray. Thorax. Mesonotum dark brown, posterior tip yellow. Tegula covered with brown to dark brown and yellow scales. Foreleg dark gray, inner surface cream; distal end of tarsus with cream band. Midleg cream; outer surface of tibia and tarsus ocherous gray. Hindleg cream, outer margin of tibia strongly concaved, and bearing with long ocherous gray hairs; tarsus ocherous gray, distal end cream. Forewing venation with Sc, R 1–3 and R 4 + 5, M 1, M 2 + 3, CuA 1, CuA 2 and CuP, 1 A + 2 A present; R 1 from basal 3 / 7 of discal cell to 4 / 7 of costa; 1 A fused with 2 A from basal 1 / 4 of wing to end. Apex of forewing not upturned. Forewing ground color dark brown with cream to yellow oblique spots; costal margin with four trapezoidal spots: basal 1 / 3, middle, subapical area, and apex; dorsum with two spots: basal 1 / 8 and 2 / 3; submarginal area of termen and apex cream, fringed with black scales; cilia gray on outer margin, underside dark brown. Hindwing venation with Sc + R 1, Rs, M 1–3, CuA 1–2 and CuP, 1 A + 2 A present; Rs reduced and fused with Sc + R 1, terminating on costa at apical 1 / 3; M 1 and M 2 stalked at basal 2 / 3 of wing; M 1 terminating on costa at subapex; Sc and R modified to accommodate secondary sexual scaling; frenulum a single slender bristle. Hindwing fuscous brown to gray; cilia fuscous brown to gray; base of Sc and R with secondary sexual scaling. Abdomen. covered with dark brown to fuscous brown scales.

Female. (Figs 15 View Figures 9–16 , 16 View Figures 9–16 , 14 View Figures 9–16 , 26 View Figures 25, 26 , 50 View Figures 43–50 ) Forewing length 3.3–5.0 mm (n = 11), antenna length 2.1–3.1 mm (n = 8) in paratypes. Almost same as male but different as follows: tibia not concaved in hind leg; yellow spots tend to be wider than male in forewing; Sc + R 1 not modified, Rs terminating on costa at apical 1 / 5 in hindwing vein; hindwing simple, not with secondary sexual scaling; frenulum consisting of two slender bristles.

Male genitalia. (Fig. 34 View Figures 31–34 ) Uncus long, a pair of membranous lobes, apex with few bristles. Tegumen narrow ribbon-shaped, fused with vinculum. Vinculum almost same length of tegumen; saccus rounded triangle. Valva elongated narrow trapezoidal with rough bristles at ventral and anterior margins; ventral margin straight, apically rounded; dorsal costa broad, with short spines, basicostal process absent. Juxta strongly sclerotized, elongated and narrow pouched. Phallus thick cylindrical, weakly curved, 1.4 × length of valva; vesica with one pair of twisted, sharp, blade-shaped cornuti and a few small spicular cornuti.

Female genitalia. (Fig. 42 View Figures 39–42 ) Ovipositor broad, 3 × length of segment VIII; papillae analis with rough short bristles; apophysis posterioris slightly longer than apophysis anterioris. Segment VIII broad, rectangular, posterior margin with ~ 20 long bristles; tergum VIII with stout dorsal rami fusing with apophysis anterioris; ostium located at anterior margin of sternum VIII; ostium wide, funnel-shaped with many small spines, posterior end weakly sclerotized. Ductus bursae tubular, 2.3 × length of corpus bursae; at anterior 1 / 4 broad and curved. Corpus bursae piriform, posterior end weakly sclerotized; signum spatulate.

Distribution.

Japan (Hachijohjima Is., Nakodojima Is., Ototojima Is., Anijima Is., Chichijima Is., Hahajima Is., Mukohjima Is., Hirajima Is., Minami-iwoto Is.).

Biology.

Few adults emerged from Ganoderma orbiforme (Fr.) Ryvarden ( Polyporales : Ganodermataceae ), white fungi (Polypoaceae), litter, wood bark, and an ear of Gahnia aspera (R. Br.) Spreng ( Poales : Cyperaceae ). Adults were collected in June, July, September, and November from the Ogasawara Islands and in October from the Izu Islands.

Etymology.

The name of the new species is derived from the Latin flavus (yellow) + macula (spots), referring to the forewing pattern consisting of many yellow spots.

DNA analyses.

The intraspecific pairwise distances of this species were 0.03 % – 4.41 % (n = 16) (Suppl. material 2). The intraspecific genetic structure was analyzed using 16 samples, and a haplotype network was constructed (Fig. 51 View Figure 51 ). All the samples had unique haplotypes.

Remarks.

This species is endemic to the Izu-Ogasawara Islands. In a few female specimens, the yellow spots become extremely wide, and the forewings almost become yellow (Fig. 15 View Figures 9–16 ). Many specimens were obtained by beating dead leaves of Livistona chinensis var. boninensis and Pandanus boninensis during the day.