Helicopini Stichel, 1928

Subtribes in Helicopini Stichel, 1928 View in CoL View at ENA

Inspection of the genomic tree reveals that Sarota Westwood, 1851 ( type species Papilio chrysus Stoll, 1782 ), which is confidently placed in the tribe Helicopini Stichel, 1928 ( Fig. 17), diverges from other members of the tribe at the tree level corresponding to subtribes (left of the lime bar in Fig. 17). Therefore, this lineage represents a valid subtribe. As a result, we propose to split Helicopini into two subtribes: the nominotypical and Sarotina Bridges, 1988 , stat. rest.

Echenaidina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 3BAD20C2-92C3-4F44-A713-583D7B3932E2

Type genus. Echenais Hübner, [1819] View in CoL .

Definition. Two subgenera, Echenais View in CoL ( type species Lemonias alphaea Hübner, 1808 View in CoL , which is a junior subjective synonym of Papilio thelephus Cramer, 1775 ) and Imelda Hewitson, 1870 View in CoL ( type species Imelda glaucosmia Hewitson, 1870 View in CoL ), show prominent genetic differentiation from other taxa in the tribe Calydnini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018 and, therefore, constitute a subtribe ( Fig. 17). This new subtribe differs from other Calydnini by a submarginal (not marginal) continuous yellow, blue, or metallic black or dark brown) hindwing above, or orange patch in the middle of the hindwing. A combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: cne 2872.1.1:A361C, cne12666.5.7:A497G, cne 2222.10.1:A431T, cne 2483.2.1:A1667G, cne254274.1.1:T198C.

Genera included. Only the type genus (including subgenus Imelda Hewitson, 1870 View in CoL ).

Parent Taxon. Tribe Calydnini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018 .

Echydnina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 7E98DF54-98E3-41D7-BC19-3528A548CD96

Type genus. Echydna J. Hall, 2002 .

Definition. Echydna ( type species Calydna chaseba Hewitson, 1854 View in CoL ) is genetically differentiated from other Calydnini genera at the tree level similar to that of Echenaidina subtrib. n. and therefore represents a distinct subtribe ( Fig. 17). Diagnostic characters for this subtribe are as those given in detail and illustrated by Hall (2002) for Echydna . In brief, it is diagnosed by a combination of setose eyes and black frons; in male genitalia, unique cornuti of three elements: a narrow unspined plate anteriad of an unsclerotized sack with small spines and sclerotized ovoid with larger spines; and in female genitalia, small signa without surface sculpturing. A combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: cne 2156.9.5:A3355G, cne5645.4.3:G360A, cne16213.4.1:A205G, cne16034.2.1:T643G, cne5785. 9.3:G454A.

Genera included. Only the type genus.

Parent Taxon. Tribe Calydnini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018 .

Cariina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 6D9F6CE6-E393-4484-8124-963E2C60DE55

Type genus. Caria Hübner, 1823 View in CoL .

Definition. The tribe Riodinini Grote, 1895 View in CoL (1827) splits into two prominent clades: the larger includes the type genus, and the smaller consists of genera not previously used for family-group names ( Fig. 17). We propose that these two clades represent two subtribes, one of which is new. This new subtribe is diagnosed by a combination of the following characters: eyes bare, palpi short, not visible above, both sides of all wings either with submarginal row of metallic (silver, green) spots usually connected into a band, or dark and with yellow bands or spots, or pale veins. In Barbicornis View in CoL , hindwings unique, shovelshaped with a tail in the middle nearly equal to the hindwing length; in Chamaelimnas View in CoL , forewings elongated and with a yellow band, either diagonal (from mid-costa to tornus) or longitudinal (from base towards outer margin); in Caria View in CoL and Seco , forewing costal margin typically at least slightly convex. Male genitalia with terminally bilobed valvae; in Chamaelimnas View in CoL , boomerang-shaped, ventral lobe vestigial. Best identified by DNA, and a combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: cne 1302.2.1:A1473G, cne 1302.2.1:A2614C, cne 1143.5.1:A883G, cne 1143.5.1:A884C, cne8241.4.4:A67C.

Genera included. The type genus ( Caria Hübner, 1823 View in CoL ), Barbicornis Godart, 1824 View in CoL , Chamaelimnas C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865 View in CoL , and Seco J. Hall & Harvey, 2002 .

Parent Taxon. Tribe Riodinini Grote, 1895 (1827).