Heteropsis robusta, (G. S. Bunting) M. L. Soares, Kew

13. HETEROPSIS ROBUSTA (G. S. Bunting) M. L. Soares ,

Kew Bulletin 64: 269. 2009. Heteropsis spruceana var. robusta G. S. Bunting, Phytologia 60: 303. 1986.

— TYPE: VENEZUELA. Território Federal Amazonas, 90–110 m, 4 Aug 1980, Francisco Guanchez 61 (holotype: MYF).

Plant scandent, branches slender, aerial roots 3–6 mm diam, greyish; internodes 2–5 cm + 2.6–4 mm, longitudinally striate when dried, quadrangular, yellowish; axillary buds 1–1.5 mm long, straight, apex sharply pointed. Petiole 3–7 + 1.2–2 mm, margin slightly sinuate; geniculum 2–4 mm long; leaf blade 10–24 + 4– 8 cm, ovate-lanceolate, dark green when fresh on both surfaces, dark green to pale brown when dried, matte, membranaceous, 0.13–0.26 mm thick, apex 1–3 cm long, caudate, base obtuse to shortly attenuate, margin slightly sinuate, midrib sulcate on upper surface, prominent, yellowish on lower surface, primary and secondary lateral veins arched in the direction of the apex, more easily seen on lower surface, submarginal collective vein 2–3 mm from the margin, with 1 marginal vein. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 3–6.5 cm long, slender, internodes 1–2.5 cm + 1.3–1.7 mm, yellowish when dry, slightly quadrangular; peduncle ca. 0.1 cm long; spathe 2–2.5 + ca. 2 cm, (closed spathe 2 + 0.7–0.9 cm) yellow on both surfaces, inflated, convolute, apex acuminate; spadix 1.5–2.5 + 0.6–1 cm, cylindric, yellowish-white, apex rounded to acuminate, stipitate, stipe 2 –3 + 1.1–1.6 mm. Stamens ca. 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide; gynoecium ca. 1.25 + 0.8 mm, prismatic, locules 1–2 per ovary, ovules 1–2 per locule, anatropous, placentation sub-basal, stigma discoid to subdiscoid. Infructescence: 3–5.5 cm + 2–3.5 mm; berry obovoid, orange, 8–13 + 5–9 mm, apex 2–4 mm diam; seed 6–9 + 4–6 mm, subobovoid. Figures 2B View FIG , 24 View FIG .

Common Names— The following common names have been recorded for this species: titiquinha (Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil); memidi, minñato, mamure ( Venezuela); ninguno ( Colombia).

Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis robusta occurs in moist evergreen tropical forest; fertile material has been collected at between 1.5 and 20 m above ground level. The species is known from Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela, at 110– 1,000 m alt.

Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected between February and August, and fruiting material from April to December.

Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. robusta is least concern (LC), based on 27 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).

Etymology— The specific epithet refers to the larger size of the leaves of this taxon when compared with those of H. spruceana .

Notes— G. S. Bunting distinguished Heteropsis spruceana var. robusta from H. spruceana var. spruceana only by its larger and relatively broader leaf blades. However we regard it as a distinct species on the following character differences (character states for H. spruceanum in brackets): petiole 0.3–0.7 cm long, not twisted (subsessile, twisted); petiole margin slightly sinuate (smooth); leaf blade 10–24 + 4–8 cm (9 –14.7 + 3–4.7 cm); leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, apex caudate, base obtuse to shortly attenuate (ovate-elliptic, apex strongly attenuate, base cuneate to rounded), leaf blade surface matte (glossy and usually covered with bryophytes); spadix 1.5–2.5 + 0.6–1 cm (2–2.8 + ca. 0.5 cm); mature berry orange (yellowish-orange).

Additional Specimens Examined— BRAZIL. Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul, Aeroporto , 29 Feb 1976, Ramos & Mota 195 ( INPA fr) ; 22 Apr 1971, Prance et al. 12220 (INPA, U fr); 7 Feb 1976, Monteiro & Damião 159 (INPA, MO fr); Sena Madureira: Bacia do Rio Purus, 8 27 ' S, 71 21 ' W, 20 Sep 1994, Daly et al. 8279 (MO fl). Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã , 21 Apr 1985, Cid et al. 5684 ( INPA fr) ; Serra do Aracá, 0 48 ' N, 63 18 ' W, 27 Feb 1984, Pipoly et al. 6711 (INPA fr); Rio Negro, 6 May 1971, Silva et al. 1278 (INPA fr); Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, 2 Sep 2003, Soares & Amaral 530 (INPA fr). Pará: Altamira, 18 Aug 1978, Bahia 78 ( MG fl, fr) ; Carajás, 7 Jun 1982, Sperling et al. 5965 (MG fl); Porto Trombetas, 15 Oct 1987, Knowles s.n. (INPA 154829 fl); Presidente Medici, 4 00 ' S, 55 04 ' W, 7 Feb 1976, s.c. (MO 3474604, fl). Roraima: Prance et al. 10660 ( K ster).

COLOMBIA. Caquetá: Araracuara , 22 April 1989, Londono et al. 270 ( MO ster) ; 0 37 ' S, 72 24 ' W, 10 Dec 1991, Duivenvoorden et al. 2683 ( MO ster). GoogleMaps Chocó: 17 Jan 1979, Gentry & Renteria 24281 (MO ster). GoogleMaps Vaupés: 29 Aug 1976, Zarucchi 1923 ( INPA, K fr) GoogleMaps .

ECUADOR. Gonzalo Pizarro , 19 May 2002, Morales et al. 801 ( MO fr). GoogleMaps Napo: 0 27 ' S, 77 01 ' W, 6 Apr 1986, Backer et al. 6889 (MO fr) GoogleMaps ; Guiana Takutu, 1 May 1992, Pennington & Johnson 437 (K fr). GoogleMaps Pastaza: 40 km ao Oriente de Montalvo , 00 44 ' S, 76 52 ' W, 26 – 30 Apr 1990, Gudiño 252 ( MO fr) GoogleMaps ; Carretera de PETRO-CANADA, Via Auca , 115 km al sur de Coca , 01 15 ' S, 76 55 ' W, 22–28 Feb 1989, Vlastimil Zak 4035 ( MO fl) GoogleMaps ; Rio Curaray , 29 Aug 1985, Palacios & Neill 737 (MO fr) .

PERU. 23 Nov 1964, Dodson & Torres 2973 ( MO ster). Amazonas: 11 Mar 1973, Kayap 560 (MO fl) ; Vale do Rio Santiago , 3 50 ' S, 77 40 ' W, 6 Mar 1980, Tunqui et al. 1008 ( MO fr). GoogleMaps Imaza: 04 55 ' S, 78 19 ' W, 15 Jun 1996, Rodriguez & Atamain 1056 ( MO fr). GoogleMaps Loreto: Maynas , Rio Nanay , 28 Jun 1982, Gentry & Revilla 15878 ( K fr) GoogleMaps ; 3 50 ' S, 73 30 ' W, 25 Feb 1981, Gentry et al. 31743 (MO fr); 3 50 ' S, 73 30 ' W, 19 Apr 1982, Gentry et al. 36483 (MO fr); 26 Mar 1979, Ayala 1704 (MO fr); 4 29 ' S, 73 35 ' W, 23 Nov 1990, Grandez & Ruiz 2119 (MO ster). Iquitos: 12 May 1976, Rimachi 2241 (MO fr); Requena, Sapuena, Jenaro Herrera, 4 50 ' S, 73 45 ' W, 14 Sep 1987, Vásquez & Jaramillo 9584 (MO fr). Madre de Dios: 41 km do Porto Maldonado, 24 Apr 1977, Gentry et al. 19736 (MO fr). Pasco: Oxapampa, 10 11 ' S, 75 13 ' W, 1 Dec 1982, Smith 2864 (MO fr); 10 20 ' S, 75 15 ' W, 12 May 2003, Lingan et al. 495 (MO ster); Pichinaki: 28 Jun 1982, Gentry et al. 37245 (MO fr); San Martins Mariscal Caceres: 26 May 1982, Schunke-V. 13653 (MO fr).

VENEZUELA. Atabapo: 3 40 ' N, 67 13 ' W, 3 May 1979, Davidse et al. 27115 ( MO fl) GoogleMaps ; 04 30 ' N, 65 48 ' W, Oct 1989, Delgado 760 (MO fr). Atures: Santa Rosa de Ucata, 4 24 ' N, 67 48 ' W – 4 24 ' N 67 46 ' W, 19 Apr 1989, Romero et al. 1832 (MO fr); 4 20 ' 25 '' N, 67 44 ' 12 '' W, 20 Jun 1992, Berry et al. 5157 ( MO ster). GoogleMaps Bolivar: Cedeño, Nov 1995, Knab-Vispo 220 ( MO fr) ; 06 35 ' N, 64 45 ' W, 20 Apr 1996, Knab-Vispo & Rodriguez 537 (MO ster); 06 35 ' N, 64 45 ' W, 25 Jun 1996, Knab-Vispo & Rodriguez 579 (MO fl); 4 Jul 1984, Davidse & Miller 26976 (MO fl); 4 30 ' N, 61 40 ' W, 5 Nov 1985, Liesner 19563 (K, MO fr); 05 19 ' N, 61 03 ' W, 27 Apr 1988, Liesner 23908 (MO ster); 4 23 ' N, 61 38 ' W, 21 Oct 1985, Liesner et al. 18888 (MO fr); Heres, 3 N, 62 W, 14 Feb 1981, Steyermark et al. 124288 (MO fl). Rio Negro: 0 50 ' N, 66 10 ' W, 4 –5 July 1984, Davidse & Miller 26976 ( MO fr) GoogleMaps . San Carlos de Rio Negro, 1 56 ' N, 67 03 ' W, 7 Apr 1981, Clark & Ribeiro s.n. (MO 2995016 fl); 1 56 ' N, 67 03 ' W, 12 May 1979, Liesner 7361 (MO fl, fr); 01 54 ' N, 65 55 ' W, 13 Oct 1987, Liesner & Delascio 21899 (MO fr); Caño Moriche 5 30 ' N, 66 35 ' W, 27 Apr 1986, Zent 286 ( MO ster) GoogleMaps .