Pseudoleiobunum, Suzuki & Ohrui, 1972

Pseudoleiobunum (superspecies maximum ) japanense japonicum Roewer, 1957

Pseudoleiobunum japonicum Suzuki, 1940: 95 .

Leiobunum suzukii Roewer, 1957: 343 View in CoL , Figures 12 View FIGURE 12 –13 in Tafel 26 (Type: 2♀ from Yokohama).

Leiobunum bifrons Roewer, 1957: 343 View in CoL , Figure 14 in Tafel 26 (Type 1♀ from Nagasaki).

Metaliobunum japonicum Suzuki, 1940: 276–279 View in CoL ; 1960: 22; 1965: 353.

Leiobunum japanense japonicum Suzuki, 1976: 202–204 View in CoL , Figures 17–22, 96, 147–160; Tsurusaki & Sasaji, 1991: 11, Figure 5B View FIGURE 5 ; Suzuki, 1986:26, Figures 30–31; Kato et al., 2023: 63.

Leiobunum japanense Tsurusaki, 2006: 163 View in CoL , Figure 8B View FIGURE 8 .

Leiobunum japanense suzukii Crawford, 1992: 30 .

Materials examined. (NT. = N. Tsurusaki). JAPAN, MIE PREF.: Owase City: Yanokawa, Mt. Takamine , 400 m, 2 juv., 25 March 1989, Y. Nishikawa; NE of Yanokawa Pass, 310–380 m, 3 juv., 26 March 1989, Y. Nishikawa GoogleMaps — JAPAN, SHIGA PREF.: Otsu City , Katsuragawa-Sakashita-cho, 450 m, 1 juv., 3 October 2011, N. Nunomura; GoogleMaps Koka City , Tsuchiyama-cho , Left Bank of Nosugawa Dam , 410 m, 1♀, 27 May, 2012, NT.; GoogleMaps Maibara City , Kozuwara , Oku-Ibuki Skiing ground [N35°31.078', E136°22.5867'], 635 m, 1♂, 9 June 2017, NT. GoogleMaps — JAPAN, KYOTO PREF.: Fukuchiyama City , Yakuno-cho , Oku-Mizusawa , 1♂ 2♀, 13 July 2002, M. Sasakawa GoogleMaps — JAPAN, OSAWA PREF.: Kishiwada City, Mt. Izumi-Katsuragi , 850 m, 2 juv., 28 March 1997, NT.; GoogleMaps Ibaraki City, Shobo, Left Bank of R. Ai, 80 m, 10♂ 24♀, 2 June 1994, Y. Nishikawa; GoogleMaps Mino-o City: Todoromi, 9 juv., 7 May 2010, H. Anaze et al.; GoogleMaps Mino-o Park, Sasagare-no-komichi, ca. 370 m, 3 juv., 26 March 1977, Y. Nishikawa; GoogleMaps Higashi-Osaka City, Yamate-cho, Hiraoka Shrine, 1♂ 1♀, 29 May 2005, H. Tanaka GoogleMaps — JAPAN, HYOGO PREF.: Shiso City, Haga-cho, Hitsujigadakiguchi, 1♀, 10 June 1990, K. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps Shiso City, Oya-cho, Yokoiki-oku, 1♀, 2 August 1990, K. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps 1 juv., 3 November 1990, K. Yamamoto GoogleMaps — JAPAN, NARA PREF: Gojo City, Nishi-Yoshino-cho, Tentsuji Pass to Mt. Norikura [N34°14.051' E135°44.4341'], 850 m, 1 juv., 19 October 2015, NT.; GoogleMaps Yoshino-gun, Totsukawa-mura, Mt. Shaka-ga-dake, Fudo-Kiyadani [N34°6.3368' E135°52.3868'], 1090 m, 3 juv., 20 October 2015, NT.; GoogleMaps Kamikitayamamura, Mt. Oda-ga-hara, 1 juv., 26 May 1973, H. Minato; GoogleMaps Tanabe City: Mt. Jogamori , 1♂ 2 juv., 4 June 2018, I. Matoba; Ryujin-mura, Mt.Gomadan , 1♂, 15 July2018, I. Matoba;Hongu-cho, Hatenashi Mountains , HigashinokawaOku, 1100 m, 1♀, 26 July 1978, H. Minato; GoogleMaps Arida-gun, Aridagawa-cho, Mt. Higashidani , 1♂, 24 June 2017, I. Matoba; GoogleMaps Mt. Toishi , 1♂, 4 July 2019, I. Matoba; GoogleMaps Mt. Shirama , 1♂, 16 May 2019, I. Matoba; Kaiso-gun, Kiminocho: Ta, 250 m, 4♀, 28 February 1994, K. Katsura; GoogleMaps Machida, Seminar House, 270 m, 1♂ 1♀, 19 May 2012, R. Yuasa; GoogleMaps Nishi-Muro-gun, Ohto-mura, Hyakken Gorge, 3 juv., 2 May 1999, H. Minato; GoogleMaps Higashi-Muro-gun, Kozakawacho, Hirai, 1♀, 9 August 1980, H. Minato; Nachi-Katsu-ura-cho, Seigantoji Temple, 340 m, 1♀, 28 July 1983, NT.; GoogleMaps Iwade City, Negoro, Genki-no-mori, [N34°17.7167', E135°19.8347'], 1♀, 23 May 2021, Y. Yamamoto GoogleMaps — JAPAN, TOTTORI PREF.: Tottori City, Kokufu-cho, Amedaki Falls , 460 m, 1♀, 1 June 1989, NT.; GoogleMaps M. Murakami, K. Shimokawa, 440 m, 1 juv., 15 November 2007, NT.; GoogleMaps Tottori City, Kawahara-cho, Gobara, 1 juv., 29 October 2010, Yachiyo Enginering; GoogleMaps Ochidani, 50 m, 1♀, 27 May 1988, NT.; GoogleMaps Mitaki Gorge, 560 m, 1♂, 24 May 1992, M. Murakam; GoogleMaps Kitamura, along Midori-shigen Forest Road [N35°23.4038', E134°5.216'], 440 m, 1 juv., 27 March 2017, NT.; GoogleMaps Tottori City, Saji-cho, Sanno-daki, Falls, 430 m, 1♂ 2♀, 3 June 2001, NT.; GoogleMaps T. Adachi & S. Okada; KItadani, 830 GoogleMaps – 1200 m, 1♀, 1 June 2002, NT.; GoogleMaps Tottori City, Shikano-cho, Mt. Jubo , Kochi to Azogoe, 370 m, 1♂, 14 June 1992, H. Kunimoto.; Tottori City, Shikano-cho, Mt. Jubo , Obata Forest Road, 230 m, 1 juv., 2 May 1992, NT.; 230 m, 1 juv., 18 May 1992, NT.; 230 m, 1♀, 16 June 1992, NT.; GoogleMaps GoogleMaps Iwami-gun, Iwami-cho, Nagatani, 200 m, 1♀, 18 May 2004, NT. et al.; GoogleMaps Kugami, Higashihama, Kanro Shrine [N35°35.9478', E134°21.6338'], 10 m, 1 juv., 28 March 2017, NT.; GoogleMaps Yazu-gun, Wakasa-cho, Mt. Hyonosen , Hibiki-no-mori, 850 m, 1♀, 3 August 2003, T. Okada; GoogleMaps Yazu-gun, Chizu-cho, Ashizu-kei, Mitaki Dam [N35°16.54', E134°20.4293'], 820 m, 1♂, 3 June 2003, NT.; GoogleMaps Ute Pass, 600 m, 1 juv., 9 August 2005, NT.; Mitaki Dam, 720–740 m, 1 juv., 26 November 1989, NT. GoogleMaps — JAPAN, SHIMANE PREF.: Izumo City, Tachikue-kyo, 40 m, 1♀, 15 July 1988, NT. GoogleMaps — JAPAN, OAKYAMA PREF.: Mimasaka City, Shiramizu, 225 m, 2♀, 22 June 2015, M. Yamada GoogleMaps — JAPAN, HIROSHIMA PREF.: Shobara City, Takano-cho, Oka-Ouchi, 1♀, 22 June 2001, S. Okada; Saijo-cho, Misaka, 5 juv., 8 September 2005, S. Nakamura; GoogleMaps Oi Pass, Oi Pass Shrine, 640 m, 1♂, 6 August 1990, NT.; GoogleMaps Hiroshima City, Asa-kita-ku, Uga-kyo, 2♀, 30 May 1976, NT.; GoogleMaps Kure City, Niko-kyo, 50m, 1♂, 17 July 1990, NT.; GoogleMaps Hatsukaichi City, Mt. Gokurakuji , 1♀, 25 May 1975, NT.; GoogleMaps Yamagata-gun, Aki-Ota-cho, Sandankyo Gorge, 1♂ 1♀, 3 July 1977, NT. & H. Komatsu GoogleMaps — JAPAN, TOKUSHIMA PREF.: Tokushima City, Hachimancho, Bunka-no-mori, 1 juv., 25 November 1990, T. Tanabe; Myozai-gun, Kamiyama-cho, Mt. Kumosozan [N33°5 4.7095 ', E134°17.3679'], 1120–1140 m, 2♂, 1 August 1997, NT.; GoogleMaps Oe-gun, Kamikawa-ho, Mt. Kotsuzan , 1080–1100 m, 1♂ 1♀ 1 juv., 18 May 1998, NT.; GoogleMaps Miyoshi City, Ochiai Pass, 1320 m, 1 juv., 13 October 1994, T. Tanabe; HigashiIya, Sano, 1180m, 1♀, 13 July 1991, M. Kamata GoogleMaps — JAPAN, KAGAWA PREF.: Zentsuji City, Oasa-cho, Mt. Oasa , ca. 450 m, 1 juv., 14 November 2006, S. Mitani; GoogleMaps Kan-nonji City, Mt. Umpenji , 850 m, 1 juv., 16 May 2019, S. Mitani; Sanuki City, Okuboji Temple, 450 m, 1♀, 15 June 2007, NT. & M. Takeuchi; GoogleMaps Takamatsu City, Shionoe-cho, Mt. Otaki , 1♂ 1♀, 27 July 2003, S. Mitani; GoogleMaps Nakatado-gun, Kotonan-cho, Hirakawa, 1♀, 2 July 2001, S. Mitani; GoogleMaps Kotoshira-cho, Mt. Kotohira , 1♂ 1♀, 15 September, 2002, S. Mitani; Chunan-cho, Mt. Onoseyama , 1♂, 14 July 2003, S. Mitani GoogleMaps — JAPAN, EHIME PREF.: Matsuyama City, Mt. Takanawa , 1 juv., 5 May 1972, NT.; 1♂, 17 July 2010, R. Ogawa; 960 m, 1 juv., 3 May 1993, NT.; 920 m, 1 juv., 4 April 1994, NT.; GoogleMaps Matsuyama City, Mt. Hikijiyama , 900 m, 1♂, 11 August 2001, NT.; GoogleMaps Mt. Sugitate , under Sugitate Bridge, 1 juv., 5 May 1970, NT.; GoogleMaps YuyamaAonami, 2♂, 3 June 1973, H. Tsutsumi; Shuso-gun, Tambara-cho, Kurase, Iwane Shrine, 110 m, 1 juv., 23 April 2000, NT.; GoogleMaps To-on City, Mt. Saragamine , Kambayashi, 1♂, 21 July 1972, NT. et al.; GoogleMaps Kambayashi, Kambayashi Route, 1 juv., 3 May 1972, NT.; GoogleMaps Kami-Ukena-gun, Kuma-kogen-cho, Mt. Saragamine , 1 juv., 23 April 1972, NT.; 3 juv., 29 April 1972, NT., Y. Yaeshima, A. Wake; 3 juv., 14 May 1972, NT & H. Yamashita; GoogleMaps 1♂, 4 June 1972, NT. et al.; 950 m, 1 juv., 5 November 1974, NT.; GoogleMaps 1♀, 21 May 1986, T. Tanabe; Kuma-kogen-cho, Teppoishigawa, 1♀, 13 August 2000, H. Ishikawa; Bansho-dani, 1♂, 20 August 2000, H. Ishikawa; Kuma-kogen-cho, Mt. Ishizuchi , Tchichigoya to Mt. Iwaguro , 1600 m, 1♂, 5 August 1982, NT.; GoogleMaps Mt. Omogo , 1360–1500 m, 3♂ 2♀, 3 August 1982, Y. Sugino; GoogleMaps Mt. Okawamine , 1250 m, 1 juv., 5 November 1993, NT.; 1400m, 1 juv., 5 November 1993, NT.; GoogleMaps Kita-gun, Uchiko-cho, Oda-Miyama, 800 m, 3 juv., 6 October 1992, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps 2 juv., 4 May 1994, E. Yamamoto; 800 m, 2 juv., 25 May 1993, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps Koyayama, ca. 1200–1300 m, 3♂ 4♀, 12 June 1988, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps Koyayama, 1♀, 2 August 1995, E. Yamamoto; Koyayama, 1♀, 5 August 1995, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps Namakusa-dani, 8 juv., 1 May 1994, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps Nakakusa-dani, 2♀, 25 June 1994, E. Yamamoto; Namakusa-dani, 1♀, 20 July 1994, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps Nakmakusa-dani, 3 juv., 18 October 1994, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps 1♂ 1♀, 10 June 1994, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps Namakusa-dani, 1220 m, 4♀, 1 May 1994, NT. & C. Tsurusaki; Natural Forest , 800–900 m, 1 juv., 7 June 1988, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps Shishigoe, 980 m, 1♀, 23 August 1994, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps Namakusadani, 3♂ 8♀, 7 August 1995, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps Namakusa-dani, 3♂ 1♀, 10 August 1995, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps Masa-goya, 800m, 2 juv., 2 May 1994, NT.; GoogleMaps 3♂ 4♀, 5August 1991, E.Yamamoto; GoogleMaps 1♂ 1♀, 11August 1995, E. Yamamoto; Kita-gun, Uchiko-cho, Oda: GoogleMaps Miyanotani, 400 m, 1 juv., 2 January 1995, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps 1 juv., 1 April 1992, E. Yamamoto; 400 m, 1♂ 4♀, 10 August 1992, E. Yamamoto; GoogleMaps Kita-gun, Hijikawa-cho, Yamatosaka, 1♂ 2♀, 22 June 2004, K. Uyeno; GoogleMaps Kita-Uwa-gun, Kihoku-cho, Ogura, Odaru-Medaru Falls , 255 m, 2♂, 28 May 2013, NT. GoogleMaps — JAPAN, KOCHI PREF.: Nagaoka-gun, Otoyo-cho, S. Ugi, Yasaka Shrine, 1 juv., 6 April 1994, Y. Murakami; GoogleMaps Agawa-gun, Ino-cho, Nanokawagoe, 1♂, 22 June 2011, H. Ishikawa GoogleMaps — JAPAN, FUKUOKA PREF.: Tagawa-gun, Soeda-cho, Mt. Hikosan [N33°29.1069', E130°55.8407'], 800 m, 2♂ 1♀, 17 June 2022, NT.; GoogleMaps 1100–1199.5 m, 1♀, 30 July 1982, NT.; GoogleMaps Asakura City, Mt. Koshozan [N33°29.0169', E130°43.5336'], 850 m, 1♂, 17 June 2022, NT. GoogleMaps — JAPAN, NAGASAKI PREF. :: Iki-gun, Ishida-cho, Kuki, 2♀, 3 June 1990, M. Yamashita; Kuki, 1♂, 2 May 1991, M. Yamashita; Kuki, 3♂ 2♀, 25 May 1991, M. Yamashita; Kukishoku, 3 juv., 4 April 1994, M. Yamashita; Kukishoku, 3♂ 11♀, 18 May 1991, M. Yamashita; Kukishoku, 1♀, 8 May 1992, M. Yamashita; Kukishoku, 3♀, 10 May 1992, M. Yamashita; GoogleMaps Unzen City, Unzen, Mt. Yadake , Hobaru, 730 m, 1 juv., 29 November 1993, NT. & C. Tusrusaki; GoogleMaps Goto City, Is. Wakamatsu, Mt. Ryukan , 120 m, 1 juv., 7 February 2008, K. Okumura; Is. Fukue, Mt. Outou , 80 m, 1♂ 2♀, 9 May 2009, K. Okumura; GoogleMaps Is. Fukue, Mt. Chichigadake , 150 m, 2 juv., 14 February 2009, K. Okumura; GoogleMaps Is. Fukue, Mt. Chichigadake , 150 m, 5 juv., 2 March 2009, K. Okumura; GoogleMaps Matsuura-gun, Shin-Kamigoto-cho, Is. Nakadori, Hifumi-daki Falls , 1 juv., 8 February 2009, K. Okumura GoogleMaps — JAPAN, KUMAMOTO PREF: Kikuchi City, Kikuchi-keikoku, 1♂, 29 July 1970, M. Yoshikura GoogleMaps — JAPAN, MIYAZAKI PREF.: Mito-gun, Nango-mura, Sasanotoge Pass, 1200 m, 1 juv., 15 November 2012, K. Nishi. Kobayashi City, Suki, along Ayaminami Forest Road, 400 m, 1 juv., 25 July 2012, K. Nishi; GoogleMaps 1 juv., 25 December 2012, K. Nishi; Higashi-usuki-gun, Shiiba-son, Mt. Eboshi , 1470 m, 1♀, 16 June 2013, K. Nishi GoogleMaps — JAPAN, KAGOSHIMA PREF.: Is. Yakushima, Arakawa, Collision trap, 1200 m, 1 juv., 30 October 2007, T. Yamauchi GoogleMaps .

Diagnosis. ( Fig. 2A View FIGURE 2 ) General morphology similar to type species P. japanense japanense but differs in the shape of leg trochanters, the former being unarmed and generally oval in appearance while the latter has two dorsolateral and anterior tubercles on the trochanters ( Suzuki 1976: 202–204, figs 142, 152–155). This species also possesses relatively smaller pedipalpal patellar and tibial apophyses when compared to other species of the Pseudoleiobunum genus ( Suzuki 1976).

Habitat. This subspecies is univoltine and overwinters as juveniles. Adults can be found from May to August. They can be found under logs or stones on well-moistened forest ground or on the wall of wet cliffs along mountain streams, rarely on tree trunks.

Distribution. Widespread in western Japan (Kyushu, Shikoku, Chugoku, Kinki District, West Chubu District) ( Fig. 12 View FIGURE 12 ).

Notes. Pseudoleiobunum japonicum was first described by Suzuki (1940) as Metaliobunum japonicum based on a male collected from Mt. Ishizuchi, Shikoku as the holotype. Suzuki considered this species and P. japanense japanense Müller, 1914 to be conspecific and redescribed the former as Leiobunum japanense japonicum ( Suzuki 1976) . Crawford (1992) considered the name Leiobunum japanense japonicum a junior homonym of Leiobunum japonicum Müller, 1914 and proposed the replacement name Leiobunum japanense suzukii Roewer, 1957 .

However, upon phylogenetic analysis conducted by Hedin et al. (2012), L. japonicum was found to form a clade with Pseudogagrella amamiana Nakatsudi, 1942 . Therefore, L. japonicum likely should be transferred to Gagrellinae in the future.

By transferring L. japanense japonicum to Pseudoleiobunum , the homonym problem is resolved. Thus, we use P. japanense japonicum , instead of Crawford (1972)’s replacement name L. japanense suzukii , for this subspecies.