Tovomita macrophylla (Poepp.) Walp.

36. Tovomita macrophylla (Poepp.) Walp. View in CoL in Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 392. 1842 ≡ Marialva macrophylla Poepp.

in Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 14. 1845[1840]. – Lectotype (designated here) or perhaps holotype: Brazil, “Amazonas”, Crescit in sylvis ad Egam Brasiliae borealis, “ E. Poeppig s.n. ” ( W [no. W-0051860]!). = Tovomita pyrifolia Planch. & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat.,

Bot., ser. 4, 14: 280. 1860. – Lectotype (designated here): “ Brazil, Amazonas”, “Manaus”, Près de Barra ,

prov. Rio Negro , région de l’Amazone, Jul 1851, R .

Spruce 1513 ( K [ K000488526 ]!; isolectotypes: BM

[BM000047400] photo!, G [G00355518] photo!,

G [G00355528] photo!, GH [GH00067914]!, NY

[NY00578992]!, RB [RB00539006]!).

Description — Shrubs or trees up to 30 m tall, prop roots inconspicuous; exudate yellow, abundant. Petioles 1.3–2.6 cm long, green, smooth, lenticels absent. Leaf blades 9.8–27 × 4.7–16.4 cm, brown-orangish in sicco, black dots absent, coriaceous, oblong to ovate, base convex, apex acuminate; papillae, lenticels and fungal spots; exudate canals inconspicuous. Venation: secondary veins 10–11(–18) pairs, 7–18 mm apart from each other, forming angle 60°–65° to midvein, strongly prominent in both surfaces, arcuate and connecting near margin; intersecondary veins usually absent, rarely present, one per intercostal area, thinner than secondary veins, parallel to major secondary, <50 % of subjacent secondary length; tertiary veins percurrent sinuous; intramarginal vein present. Inflorescences: ♂ cyme with 4 or 5 basal branches, congested after second ramification, up to 45 flowers, with terminal flower, ♀ cyme 3 or 5-flowered, lenticels absent. Pedicels 1.6–4.5 mm long, green, distal and proximal portion with same gauge, proximally or in middle, articulated and enveloped by calyptra on lateral flowers of dichasia, lenticels present. Floral buds 5.5– 7.5 mm long, ovoid, apex apiculate, lenticels absent. Sepals 4, 5.5–7.5 × 4.5–7.5 mm, oblong to ovate, apex acute to apiculate, greenish; petals 4, 10–12.6 × 3.1–5.2 mm, oblong, reflexed, apex acute, greenish to white. Staminate flowers: stamens 40–50, 3.5–5 mm long, heterodynamous; filaments dorsiventrally compressed, white; anthers 0.8–1 mm long, white, connective not exceeding thecae; pistillode inconspicuous. Pistillate flowers: staminodes 40–45, 4.8–5.5 mm long; ovary c. 5.5 mm long, not costate or lobed, 4-locular, stigmas 4, sessile, c. 2.5 mm in diam., coloration not seen. Capsules fleshy, 3–4 × 3.4–3.7 cm, 4-septate, spheroid to ovoid when closed, not costate or lobed, rostrum absent, free styles, 3.7–4.5 mm long, epicarp asperous, green when immature and mature, mesocarp red; sepals, petals, staminodes and stigmas persistent. Aril orange.

Distribution — Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso), Peru (Huanuco), Venezuela (Amazonas). Fig. 60.

Conservation status — Least Concern (LC, Marinho & Beech 2019).

Nomenclatural notes — We exclude two sheets housed at K (K000488523 and K000488524) and one at P (P00093885) from the type collection of Tovomita pyrifolia , as there seems to be the fruiting materials were apparently collected at a different date. On the sheet K000488526 on Spruce’s handwritten label is written “My last envoi contained a few fruits of this” and dated July 1851; while on the handwritten label of the fruiting specimen K000488523 dated of April 1851. In this case, the fruiting material, not described by Planchon & Triana (1860) was collected about three months earlier and was not used by Planchon and Triana to describe T. pyrifolia , since this description was based only on staminate specimens. We believe that these fruits belong to T. foldatsii , as they have 5-carpellate and rostrate fruits, while in T. macrophylla the fruits are 4-carpellate and non-rostrate.

Marialva macrophylla was described by Poeppig who cited “ Crescit in sylvis ad Egam Brasiliae borealis ”. When Walpers transferred the species to Tovomita , he only cited “ Crescit in Brasilia ad Egam ”. Some specimens from K (K000488527 and K000488528) and NY (NY00073982) were recently annotated as types, but none of these bear this annotation, while Poeppig s.n. (W) bears the same writing. For the lectotype of T. macrophylla , we assigned the specimen deposited at W, following McNeill (2014) and adopting the phrase “perhaps holotype ” because duplicates of this specimen are unknown.

Recognition and discussion — Tovomita macrophylla is very similar to T. foldatsii and when sterile these two species can be hardly distinguished. However, when in fruit, T. macrophylla and T. foldatsii differ by the number of carpels (4-carpellate vs 5-carpellate in T. foldatsii ) and epicarp texture (asperous vs smooth in T. foldatsii ). Although these species share ovoid apiculate floral buds, those of T. macrophylla are smaller (5.5–7.5 mm long) and congested on the secondary ramification of the inflorescence (vs 8–15 mm long and not congested in T. foldatsii ).

Selected specimens examined — BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: Taracuá, margem do Rio Uaupés , 1 Jun 1962, fr., J . M . Pires & N . T . Silva 7927 ( IAN!) . MATO GROSSO: Juína , 15 Nov 2018, sterile, J . Soares IFN-85216351.8 ( UB photo!) . — PERU: HUANUCO: Prov. Pachitea, region of Pucallpa , western part of “Sira Mountains”, 09°29'S, 74°50'W, 360 m, 23 May 1988, fr., B GoogleMaps . Wallnöfer 11-23588 ( W!) .