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APPENDIX 1 – REVISED CHARACTERS AND SCORES

We realized that two characters (C84, C300) from previous iterations of our data matrix are problematic, and thus they have been replaced, as follows:

Character 84, pertaining to whether or not the parietal has an elongate posterolateral process, does not seem to truly capture any genuine morphological variation and is replaced with the following character:

C84. Frontal, position of parietal suture relative to supratemporal fenestra: close to anterior margin of the fenestra (0); at approximately the centre of the fenestra or more posteriorly (1) (Tschopp & Mateus, 2013).

Character 300 is a near-duplication of C88 (both pertaining to the relative positions of the orbit and lateral temporal fenestra). As such, we have replaced our existing C300 with the following character:

C300. External nares, position: retracted to level of orbit, facing laterally (0); retracted to position between orbits, facing dorsally or dorsolaterally (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995; Whitlock, 2011a).

We have also revised 21 of the characters from previous iterations of the matrix, as follows:

C26. Anteriormost caudal centra, lowest average Elongation Index [aEI; centrum anteroposterior length (excluding articular ball) divided by the mean average value of the anterior surface mediolateral width and dorsoventral height] value of: less than 0.6 (0); 0.6 or greater (1) (Gauthier, 1986; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here to only include the anteriormost caudal vertebrae).

C27. Anterior caudal centra, anteroposterior length of posterior condylar ball to mean average radius [(mediolateral width + dorsoventral height) divided by 4] of anterior articular surface of centrum ratio: zero (posterior articular surface of centrum is flat or concave) (0); less than or equal to 0.3 (posterior articular surface of centrum is mildly convex) (1); greater than 0.3 (posterior articular surface of centrum is strongly convex) (2); greater than 0.6 (posterior articular surface of centrum is very strongly convex) (3) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Salgado et al., 1997; Wilson, 2002; Whitlock et al., 2011; Mannion et al., 2013; note that the highest value for a taxon is always used; revised here by adding an extra state to characterize taxa with extremely prominent posterior condyles) [ordered].

C33. Anterior caudal neural spines, mediolateral width to anteroposterior length ratio at base of spine (dorsal to zygapophyses): less than 1.0 (0); 1.0 or greater (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here so that mediolateral width is measured at the same point as anteroposterior length).

C40. Humerus to femur proximodistal length ratio: 0.7 or less (0);>0.7 to <0.8 (1); 0.8 to <0.9 (2); 0.9–0.95 (3);>0.95 (4) (Wilson, 2002; Upchurch et al., 2004; Tschopp et al., 2015a; Poropat et al., 2016; Mannion et al., 2017; an additional state has been added for taxa with ratios of 0.7 or less) [ordered].

C56. Manual ungual on digit I to metacarpal I proximodistal length ratio: 0.5 or greater (0); less than 0.5 (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here so that taxa that have lost their manual phalanges [derived state for C242] are scored as a ‘?’).

C98. Basioccipital, foramen or pit on the posterior surface of the basal tubera: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here to clarify character statement following Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C100. Basal tubera, posterior surface bordered laterally and ventrally by a raised, thickened lip: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002, 2005b; modified based on Mannion, 2011).

C140. Cervical ribs, longest shafts extend beneath: fewer than 3 vertebrae (0); 3 vertebrae or more (1) (Wedel et al., 2000; Mannion et al., 2013); revised here so that taxa with short ribs [scored with the plesiomorphic state for C139] are scored as a ‘?’).

C160. Anterior dorsal neural spines, orientation of anterior margin in lateral view: inclined anteriorly or vertical (0); posterodorsally inclined (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here to clarify character statement).

C163. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines, with triangular aliform processes: weakly developed aliform processes (0); strongly developed triangular aliform processes so that the lateral tips of these processes extend further laterally than the postzygapophyses (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Wilson, 2002; Upchurch et al., 2004; revised here so that only taxa with aliform processes scored for this character).

C177. Anterior caudal centra with posterior convexity: convex in anteriormost caudal vertebrae, changing to flat or concave in more distal anterior caudal vertebrae (0); convex throughout all anterior caudal vertebrae with ribs (1) (Mannion et al., 2013; revised here to only include taxa with some procoely in the anterior caudal sequence – taxa lacking procoelous anterior caudal vertebrae are scored as a ‘?’).

C181. Anterior caudal centra (excluding the anteriormost caudal vertebrae), ventral longitudinal hollow: absent (0); present (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson, 2002; revised here to separate anterior and middle caudal vertebrae).

C182. Anterior caudal centra (excluding the anteriormost caudal vertebrae), distinct ventrolateral ridges, extending the full length of the centrum: absent (0); present (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here to separate anterior and middle caudal vertebrae).

C198. Anterior caudal neural spines, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina (SPRL)–spinopostzygapophyseal lamina (SPOL) contact: absent (0); present, forming a prominent lateral lamina on the neural spine (1) (Wilson, 1999, 2002; revised here so that only taxa in which the SPRL extends onto the lateral surface are scored).

C206. Anterior caudal ribs: do not extend beyond posterior end of centrum (excluding posterior ball) (0); extend beyond posterior end of centrum (excluding posterior ball) (1) (Mannion & Calvo, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here so that only taxa with posterolaterally directed caudal ribs are scored for this character).

C254. Ischium, long-axis of shaft, if projected upwards/proximally: passes through the lower part of the acetabular margin or the upper part of the pubic articular surface (i.e. it is approximately 60° to the horizontal in lateral view) (0); passes through the upper part of the acetabular margin or even approaches the rim of the iliac articulation (i.e. the shaft is at approximately 80° to the horizontal) (1); passes through the lower part of the pubic articular surface (i.e. it is approximately horizontally oriented), such that the posterior margin of the iliac peduncle and the dorsal margin of the shaft form a right angle in lateral view (2) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; revised here to add an extra state) [unordered].

C266. Astragalus, ascending process: limited to anterior two-thirds of astragalus (0); extends beyond anterior two-thirds of astragalus (usually to the posterior margin) (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Wilson, 2002; revised here following Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C297. Frontal, anteroposterior length to transverse width ratio: 1.0 or greater (0); less than 1.0 and> 0.5 (1); 0.5 or less (2) (Whitlock, 2011a; Tschopp & Mateus, 2013; Poropat et al., 2016; revised here to add an extra state) [ordered].

C348. Sacral neural spines, all fused, forming a dorsal ‘platform’: absent (0); present (1) (Martínez et al., 2004; Poropat et al., 2016; revised here so that only taxa with the derived state for C174 are scored).

C350. Anterior–middle caudal centra (excluding Cd1), comparison of anterior and posterior articular faces of amphicoelous centra: anterior face more concave than posterior one, or these two faces are equally concave (0); posterior face more deeply concave than anterior face (1) (González Riga et al., 2009; Carballido et al., 2012; D’Emic et al., 2013; Poropat et al., 2016; revised here to only score for taxa with at least some amphicoelous caudal centra in the anterior–middle caudal sequence).

C373. Metacarpals, longest metacarpal to radius proximodistal length ratio: less than 0.50 (0); 0.50 or greater (1) (Poropat et al., 2016; revised here so that only taxa scored as a ‘1’ for C52 are scored).

Taxon scores for C1–423 follow those in the data matrix of González Riga et al. (2018), whilst scores for C1–416 for Moabosaurus , Mierasaurus and Soriatitan follow those of Royo-Torres et al. (2017a, b), with the following changes made (the first number denotes the character and the number/symbol in parentheses denotes the new score):

Shunosaurus : 140 (?); 163 (?); 177 (?); 198 (?); 206 (?); 348 (?); 373 (?)

Omeisaurus : 40 (2); 163 (?); 177 (?); 198 (?); 348 (?); 373 (?)

Mamenchisaurus : 27 (3); 40 (1); 177 (1); 198 (?); 206 (?); 212 (1); 233 (1)

Camarasaurus : 11 (0/1); 33 (0); 40 (1); 118 (0/1); 177 (?); 198 (?); 206 (?); 254 (2); 300 (0); 348 (?)

Nigersaurus : 16 (0); 140 (?); 149 (0); 150 (0); 180 (0); 181 (?); 182 (?); 249 (1); 313 (0)

Apatosaurus : 3 (0); 140 (?); 163 (?); 177 (0); 206 (?); 258 (0); 348 (?)

Diplodocus : 99 (0); 140 (?); 163 (?); 177 (0); 206 (?); 348 (?); 373 (?)

Abydosaurus : 177 (?)

Alamosaurus : 27 (3); 56 (?); 177 (1); 198 (?); 350 (?)

Andesaurus : 163 (?); 177 (0); 198 (?)

Aragosaurus : 40 (2); 177 (?); 198 (?); 206 (?)

Astrophocaudia : 177 (?); 198 (?)

Atlasaurus : 40 (4); 373 (?)

Baotianmansaurus : 177 (?)

Brachiosaurus : 40 (4); 177 (?); 198 (?); 206 (?); 348 (?)

Cedarosaurus : 40 (4); 177 (?); 198 (?)

Chubutisaurus : 40 (2); 177 (?)

Cloverly titanosauriform: 163 (?)

Daxiatitan : 27 (3); 198 (?); 206 (?)

Dongbeititan : 27 (3); 163 (?); 198 (?)

Dongyangosaurus : 163 (?); 177 (0); 198 (?)

Euhelopus : 300 (0); 348 (?)

Europasaurus : 177 (?); 198 (?); 348 (?)

Vouivria : 40 (3); 177 (?)

Galveosaurus : 177 (?)

Giraffatitan : 40 (4); 177 (?); 198 (?); 300 (0); 348 (?)

Wamweracaudia : 27 (3); 177 (0); 198 (?); 206 (?)

Huanghetitan : 177 (?)

Huanghetitan ruyangensis : 177 (?); 198 (?)

Janenschia : 60 (0)

Jiangshanosaurus : 198 (?)

Lapparentosaurus : 163 (?); 177 (?); 198 (?)

Ligabuesaurus : 40 (2); 163 (?)

Lusotitan : 177 (?); 198 (?)

Malarguesaurus : 26 (?); 177 (?); 180 (0); 181 (0); 198 (?)