Chicoreus (Triplex) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833 )

Chicoreus (Triplex) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) View in CoL

Figs 1 View FIGURE 1 , 5A–D View FIGURE5

* Murex Aquitanicus View in CoL nob.— Grateloup 1833: 94.

Murex Aquitanicus Grat. View in CoL — Grateloup 1845: pl. 31, figs 12a–b.

Murex triqueter Born. View in CoL — Michelotti 1841: 11, pl. 2, figs 9–10 [non Murex triqueter Born, 1778 View in CoL ].

Murex Bonellii mihi— Michelotti 1847: 237, pl. 11, fig. 2.

Murex View in CoL despectus mihi— Michelotti 1847: 238, pl. 11, fig. 5.

Murex Aquitanicus Grat. View in CoL —Hörnes 1853: 219, pl. 22, figs 1–3.

Murex Aquitanicus Grat. View in CoL — Bellardi 1873: 78.

[ Murex View in CoL ] Aquitanicus Grat. View in CoL ? var. major — Tournouër 1875: 162 [nomen nudum].

Murex View in CoL Muraena nov. form.— Handmann 1882: 257.

Murex View in CoL trunc. aquitanicus View in CoL —Quenstedt 1884: 645, pl. 211, fig. 5.

[ Murex trunculus rudis ] F. a calismus De Greg.—De Gregorio 1885a: 267 [nov nom. pro Murex aquitanicus sensu Hörnes 1856: 219 , pl. 22, fig. 1].

[ Murex trunculus rudis ] F. a astrogus De Greg.—De Gregorio 1885a: 267 [nov nom. pro Murex aquitanicus sensu Hörnes 1856: 219 , pl. 22, fig. 2].

[ Murex trunculus rudis ] F. a mitopicus De Greg.—De Gregorio 1885a: 267 [nov nom. pro Murex aquitanicus sensu Hörnes 1856: 219 , pl. 22, fig. 3].

[ Murex aquitanicus View in CoL ] F. a Rudolphhoernesi— De Gregorio 1885c: 397 [nov. nom. pro Murex aquitanicus View in CoL in Hoernes & Auinger 1885: pl. 25, fig. 3].

Murex (Chicoreus) Aquitanicus Grat. View in CoL —Hoernes & Auinger 1885: 207, pl. 25, figs 3a–b.

[ Murex View in CoL ] (Chicoreus) aquitanicus var. grandis DD — Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1886: 104 [nomen nudum] [non Murex grandis Mörch, 1869 ].

Murex View in CoL ( Chicoreus View in CoL ?) aquitanicus Grat. View in CoL — Sacco 1904: 21, pl. 6, figs 1–2.

Murex (Chicoreus) Aquitanicus Grat. View in CoL — Schaffer 1908: 105, pl. 11, fig. 4.

Murex aquitanicus Grat. View in CoL var.— Friedberg 1912: 168, pl. 10, fig. 9.

Murex View in CoL (Favartia) aquitaniensis Grateloup (emend.)— Cossmann & Peyrot 1924: 122, no. 746, pl. 18, fig. 14 [unjustified emendation].

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) aquitanicus (Grateloup) View in CoL —van Voorthuysen 1944: 60, pl. 5, figs 17–22.

Murex (Chicoreus) aquitanicus Grateloup, 1833 View in CoL — Glibert 1952a: 290, pl. 5, fig. 4, pl. 6, fig. 1.

Murex (Chicoreus) aquitanicus Grateloup, 1833 View in CoL — Glibert 1952b: 90, pl. 7, fig. 5.

Murex View in CoL (Chicoreus) aquitaniensis Grat. — Csepreghy-Meznerics 1956: 399, pl. 6, figs 5–6.

Ch [icoreus]. (Ch [icoreus].) aquitaniensis (Grat.) — Sieber 1958: 144.

Murex (Chicoreus) aquitanicus Grateloup View in CoL — Erünal-Erentöz 1958: 56, pl. 8, fig. 8.

Murex (Chicoreus) aquitanicus Grateloup, 1833 View in CoL —Kojumdgieva in Kojumdgieva & Strachimirov 1960: 145, pl. 39, figs 5–6.

Murex (Chicoreus) aquitanicus Grateloup, 1847 View in CoL — Strausz, 1966: 262, pl. 31, figs 4–5.

Murex aquitanicus Grateloup, 1840 View in CoL — Zelinskaya et al. 1968:185, pl. 44, figs 3–4.

Chicoreus (Ch.) aquitanicus (Grateloup) View in CoL — Stancu et al. 1971: 125.

[ Chicoreus View in CoL ] aquitanicus Grateloup, 1833 View in CoL — Vokes 1971: 17.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) cf. aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) View in CoL — Steininger 1973: 418.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) View in CoL — Stojaspal 1978: 336, pl. 4, fig. 3.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) View in CoL —A.W. Janssen 1984: 213, pl. 9, fig. 10, pl. 59, figs 3–4.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) aquitaniensis (Grateloup) — Schultz 1998: 64, pl. 25, fig. 1.

? Chicoreus sp. aff. sedgwicki ( Michelotti, 1847) — Pfister &Wegmüller 2007: 157 pl. 3, figs 3–12.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) View in CoL — Moths et al. 2010: 55, text-fig. 32a, pl. 39, fig. 4.

Chicoreus (Triplex) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) View in CoL — Merle et al. 2011: 350, pl. 53, figs 1–7.

Chicoreus (Triplex) aquitanicus (Grateloup) View in CoL — Landau et al. 2013:147, pl. 21, fig. 11.

Chicoreus (Triplex) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) View in CoL — Harzhauser et al. 2014: 97, pl. 4, figs 4a–b.

Chicoreus (Triplex) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) View in CoL — Stein et al. 2016: 92, pl. 39, fig. 5.

Chicoreus (Triplex) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) View in CoL — Kovács et al. 2018: 113, figs 2L–M.

Chicoreus (Triplex) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) View in CoL — Kovács 2019: 115.

Chicoreus (Triplex) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) View in CoL — Kovács 2020: 452, pl. 1, fig. 10.

Chicoreus (Triplex) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) View in CoL — Kovács et al. 2023: 26, figs 61–62.

non Murex Aquitanicus Grateloup View in CoL — Almera & Bofill 1893: 170, pl. 5, figs 22–23 [= Hexaplex (Trunculariopsis) tapparonii View in CoL

( Bellardi, 1873)].

Type material. Syntypes were listed by Grateloup (1833) from Dax, Saubrigues and Saint-Jean-de-Marsacq ( France). The Grateloup’s collection is stored in the University of Bordeaux-Talence ( France), but the syntypes are not located ( Merle et al. 2011: 350).

Illustrated material. NHMW 1855/0045/0675, SL: 118.6 mm, MD: 86.5 mm, Grund ( Austria), illustrated in Hörnes (1853: pl. 22, figs 1a–b), holotype of Murex trunculus rudis calismus De Gregorio, 1885a: 267 [nov nom. pro Murex aquitanicus sensu Hörnes 1856: 219 , pl. 22, fig. 1], Figs 5A View FIGURE5 1 –A View FIGURE 1 3 View FIGURE 3 . NHMW 1851/0026/0088, SL: 106.1 mm, MD: 60.8 mm, Bad Vöslau ( Austria), illustrated in Hörnes (1853: pl. 22, figs 2a–b), holotype of Murex astrogus De Gregorio 1885a, Figs 5B View FIGURE5 1 –B View FIGURE 1 3 View FIGURE 3 . NHMW 1855/0045/0676, SL: 120.0 mm, MD: 68.5 mm, Grund ( Austria), Figs 5C View FIGURE5 1 – C View FIGURE 1 3 View FIGURE 3 . NHMW 1856/0050/0119, SL: 92.2 mm, MD: 54.4 mm, Gainfarn ( Austria), illustrated in Hoernes & Auinger (1885: pl. 25, figs 3a–b), Figs 5D View FIGURE5 1 –D View FIGURE 1 3 View FIGURE 3 .

Additional material. NHMW 1852 View Materials /0012/0023, SL: 40.8 mm, MD: 25.1 mm, illustrated in Hörnes (1853: pl. 22, fig. 3); 1 spec., 1 spec. , NHMW 1864 View Materials /0001/0504, Niederkreuzstetten ( Austria), 3 spec. , NHMW 1855 View Materials /0045/0679, Grund ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 1855 View Materials /0045/0677, Grund ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 1855 View Materials /0045/0674, Grund ( Austria); 2 spec. , NHMW 1855 View Materials /0045/0678, Grund ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 1851 View Materials /0002/0032, Grund ( Austria); 2 spec. , NHMW 1852 View Materials /0012/0020, Grund ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 1852 View Materials /0012/0018, Grund ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 1853 View Materials /0016/0027, Grund ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 1852 View Materials /0012/0019, Grund ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 1852 View Materials /0012/0021, Grund ( Austria); 2 spec. , NHMW 1852 View Materials /0012/0023, Grund ( Austria); 2 spec. , NHMW 2024 View Materials /0061/0001 (A 943), Grund ( Austria); 2 spec. , NHMW 2024 View Materials /0062/0001 (A 942), Guntersdorf ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 2024 View Materials /0063/0001 (A 1474), Enzesfeld ( Austria); 2 spec. , NHMW 2024 View Materials /0064/0001 (A 1475), Enzesfeld ( Austria); 4 spec. , NHMW 1853 View Materials /0010/0020, Enzesfeld ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 1853 View Materials /0004/0018, Gainfarn ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 1874 View Materials /0024/0014, Baden ( Austria); 2 spec. , NHMW 1846 View Materials /0037/0213, Baden ( Austria); 2 spec. , NHMW 1851 View Materials /0026/0058, Bad Vöslau ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 1937 View Materials /0002/0287, Bad Vöslau , illustrated in Schaffer (1908: pl. 11, fig. 4); 2 spec. , NHMW 1870 View Materials /0054/0039, Baden-Sooss ( Austria); 2 spec. , NHMW 1872 View Materials /0030/0038, Baden-Sooss ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 1874 View Materials /0024/0062, Ritzing ( Austria); 1 spec. , NHMW 1859 View Materials /0037/0021, Lăpugiu de Sus ( Romania); 1 spec. , NHMW 1862 View Materials /0015/0174, Lăpugiu de Sus ( Romania); 4 spec. , NHMW 1855 View Materials /0043/0026, Lăpugiu de Sus ( Romania); 2 spec. , NHMW 1866 View Materials /0040/0278, Lăpugiu de Sus ( Romania); 4 spec. , NHMW 1864 View Materials /0001/0342, Jaroměřice ( Czech Republic) .

Revised description. Very large, robust, broadly fusiform, trivaricate shell; apical angle ~68–71°. Protoconch unknown from Paratethyan material. Teleoconch consisting of up to six whorls. Suture impressed, shallowly undulating. Early teleoconch whorls with weakly concave subsutural ramp, rounded shoulder placed slightly below mid-whorl, weakly convex below. Axial sculpture of three broad, rounded varices and two weaker intervarical ribs, forming blunt nodes at shoulder. Penultimate and last whorl with broad subsutural collar; subsutural ramp with numerous delicate cords including adis, IP, abis and tertiary cords; P1–P3 weak with narrow secondary cords s1, s2 and s3. Last whorl attaining ~75% of total height; deeply concave subsutural ramp, prominent rounded shoulder, moderately convex periphery, strongly constricted below. Axial sculpture of three broad, prominent axial varices and two weaker intervarical ribs, fading over subsutural ramp. Axial sculpture forming broad nodes at shoulder. Spiral sculpture of weak, narrow P1–P6 (P6 on base of convex part of whorl), slightly weaker s1–s6 (on siphonal canal), and numerous tertiary threads. ADP, MP, ABP most prominent, weaker ads, ms. Short spines on primary and secondary cords in subadult specimens on varices usually worn in adult specimens. Fasciole long, moderately swollen, delimiting moderately broad pseudoumbilicus. Aperture broadly ovate to subcircular; outer lip thickened, with crenulate edge; about 10–12 short lirae starting at peristome corresponding to internal denticles ID, D1–D6 usually bifid. Anal canal distinctly incised, V-shaped, accentuated by weak parietal swelling. Siphonal canal long, narrow, open, bent to the left, terminal portion often slightly curved to the right with dorsally recurved tip. Columella deeply and broadly excavated, smooth, strongly angled at siphonal canal. Columellar callus forming broad rim, sharply delimited, erect at siphonal canal, adherent in parietal area.

Paratethyan synonyms. Murex muraena Handmann, 1882, holotype SL: 120 mm, MD: 80 mm, Baden-Sooss ( Austria); the former ‘Rudolf Handmann collection’ is stored in the Kollegium Kalksburg in Vienna, a Catholic private school, but the type is lost. Murex trunculus rudis calismus De Gregorio 1885a, holotype NHMW 1855/0045/0675, Grund ( Austria), illustrated in Hörnes 1856: pl. 22, fig. 1). Murex trunculus rudis astrogus De Gregorio 1885a, holotype NHMW 1851/0026/0088, Bad Vöslau ( Austria), illustrated in Hörnes (1856: pl. 22, fig. 2). Murex trunculus rudis mitopicus De Gregorio 1885a: holotype NHMW 1852/0012/0023, Grund ( Austria), illustrated in Hörnes (1856: 219, pl. 22, fig. 3). Murex aquitanicus rudolphhoernesi De Gregorio, 1885, holotype NHMW 1856/0050/0119, Gainfarn ( Austria), illustrated in Hoernes & Auinger (1885: pl. 25, fig. 3).

Discussion. Chicoreus (Triplex) aquitanicus ( Grateloup, 1833) is the largest species of the subgenus in the Paratethys Sea. It is quite variable in shell shape ranging from squat specimens ( Fig. 5A View FIGURE5 ) to comparatively slender ones ( Fig. 5B View FIGURE5 ). It differs from Chicoreus (Triplex) notatus ( Eichwald, 1830) in its angled shoulder and broader subsutural ramp, which lacks prominent sculpture. Chicoreus (Triplex) hirmetzli (Kovács, 2018) differs in its narrower, better defined varices, narrower intervarical ribs, long spines and much longer siphonal canal. For comparison with species outside the Paratethys, see Landau et al. (2013: 148).

Paleoenvironment. Occurs in shallow marine and deeper marine environments.

Distribution in Central Paratethys. Ottnangian (Early Miocene): North Alpine Foreland Basin:? Belpberg ( Switzerland) ( Pfister & Wegmüller 2007); Kaltenbachgraben ( Germany) ( Steininger 1973); Alharting ( Austria) ( Harzhauser et al. 2014); Early Miocene North Hungarian Basin: Parádfürdö ( Hungary) ( Kovács et al. 2023). Karpatian (Early Miocene): Bántapuszta ( Hungary) ( Steininger 1973); Vienna Basin: Niederkreuzstetten ( Austria) (Hoernes & Auinger 1885). Badenian (Middle Miocene): Ukrainian Fore-Carpathian Basin: Jasinów ( Ukraine) ( Friedberg 1912); North Alpine-Carpathian Foreland Basin: Grund ( Austria), Jaroměřice nad Rokytnou, Lysice, Jerutek ( Czech Republic) (Hoernes & Auinger 1885); Vienna Basin: Baden, Bad Vöslau, Enzesfeld, Gainfarn, Niederleis ( Austria), Porzteich at Břeclav ( Czech Republic) (Hoernes & Auinger 1885); Eisenstadt-Sopron Basin: Forchtenau ( Austria) (Hoernes & Auinger 1885); Oberpullendorf Basin: Ritzing ( Austria) (Hoernes & Auinger 1885); Styrian Basin: Pöls ( Austria)(Hoernes &Auinger 1885); Pannonian Basin: Hosszúhetény, Letkés, Kisbattyán, Szob ( Hungary) ( Strausz 1966; Kovács et al. 2018; Kovács 2020); Southern Carpathians: between Dubova and Pojejena ( Romania) ( Stancu et al. 1971); Făget Basin: Buituri, Coşteiu de Sus, Lăpugiu de Sus ( Romania) (Hoernes & Auinger 1885; Kovács 2019); Dacian Basin: Bivolare, Bozuritsa, Staropatica ( Bulgaria) (Kojumdgieva in Kojumdgieva & Strachimirov 1960).

Proto-Mediterranean Sea. Early or Middle Miocene: Colli Torinesi ( Italy) ( Sacco 1904). Serravallian (Middle Miocene): Karaman Basin: Akpınar, Seyithasan ( Turkey) ( Landau et al. 2013).

Northeastern Atlantic. Burdigalian (Early Miocene): Aquitaine Basin: Dax, Saint-Jean-de-Marsacq ( France) ( Grateloup 1833); Langhian (Middle Miocene): Aquitaine Basin: Saubrigues ( France) ( Cossmann & Peyrot 1924); Loire Basin: Pontlevoy, Manthelan, Louans, Bossée, Sainte-Catherine de Fierbois, Paulmy, Ferrière-Larçon ( France) ( Glibert 1952a).

North Sea. North Sea Basin: Aquitanian/Burdigalian (Early Miocene): Bolderberg ( Belgium) ( Glibert 1952b); Burdigalian/Langhian (Early/Middle Miocene): Miste, Peel region (Barloo-driling, Beeringen-drilling) ( The Netherlands) (van Voorthuysen 1944; Janssen 1984), Werder ( Germany) ( Stein et al. 2016).